فهرست مطالب
Front Cover
Contents
Series Editors\' Preface
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER ONE: An overview of listening comprehension
Introduction
Different types of knowledge used in listening
The input to the listener
Applying knowledge of the language
Using world knowledge
The context of communication
Building mental representations of meaning
Conclusion
CHAPTER TWO: What is unique to listening
Introduction
The important characteristics of spoken texts
The differences between first- and second-language listening
Listening sub-skills
Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE: Approaches to assessing listening
Introduction
The discrete-point approach
Communicative testing
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR: Defining the construct
Introduction
Practical constraints on construct definition
Developing the construct
Defining a construct based on the interaction between competence and task
A default listening construct
Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE: Creating tasks
Introduction
Task characteristics
Task interactiveness
Comprehension questions
Evaluating and modifying test-tasks
Conclusion
CHAPTER SIX: Providing suitable texts
Introduction
Providing suitable texts
Ensuring good sound quality
Conclusion
CHAPTER SEVEN: Designing and constructing complete assessments
Introduction
Properties of a good test
Test specifications
Designing a test of listening achievement
Designing a general proficiency test
Designing a test of academic listening
Conclusion
CHAPTER EIGHT: Illustrative tests of listening comprehension
Introduction
Test of English for International Communication
Test of English as a Foreign Language
First Certificate in English
Certificate in Communicative Skills in English
Conclusion
CHAPTER NINE: Summary and future developments
An overview of listening comprehension
Constructing tests of listening comprehension
Future developments in assessing listening
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Back Cover
Contents
Series Editors\' Preface
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER ONE: An overview of listening comprehension
Introduction
Different types of knowledge used in listening
The input to the listener
Applying knowledge of the language
Using world knowledge
The context of communication
Building mental representations of meaning
Conclusion
CHAPTER TWO: What is unique to listening
Introduction
The important characteristics of spoken texts
The differences between first- and second-language listening
Listening sub-skills
Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE: Approaches to assessing listening
Introduction
The discrete-point approach
Communicative testing
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR: Defining the construct
Introduction
Practical constraints on construct definition
Developing the construct
Defining a construct based on the interaction between competence and task
A default listening construct
Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE: Creating tasks
Introduction
Task characteristics
Task interactiveness
Comprehension questions
Evaluating and modifying test-tasks
Conclusion
CHAPTER SIX: Providing suitable texts
Introduction
Providing suitable texts
Ensuring good sound quality
Conclusion
CHAPTER SEVEN: Designing and constructing complete assessments
Introduction
Properties of a good test
Test specifications
Designing a test of listening achievement
Designing a general proficiency test
Designing a test of academic listening
Conclusion
CHAPTER EIGHT: Illustrative tests of listening comprehension
Introduction
Test of English for International Communication
Test of English as a Foreign Language
First Certificate in English
Certificate in Communicative Skills in English
Conclusion
CHAPTER NINE: Summary and future developments
An overview of listening comprehension
Constructing tests of listening comprehension
Future developments in assessing listening
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Back Cover
