فهرست مطالب
Cover
Half-Title page
Farm Animal Surgery
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Part I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO ALL SPECIES
1 Examination of the Surgical Patient
Examination of Adult Cattle
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Procedures
Rumen-Fluid Analysis
Ororumen Tube
Abdominocentesis
Laboratory Work
Abdominal Ultrasonography
Disorders Causing Abdominal Distention in Cattle
Vagus Indigestion
I—Failure of Eructation
II—Failure of Omasal Transport
III—Failure of Abomasal Outflow
Other Causes of Ruminal Distention
Froth Accumulation in the Rumen
Rumen Acidosis
Abomasal Ulcers
Disorders that Cause Tympanitic Resonance (Pings) in Cattle
Left-Sided Pings
Left Displacement of the Abomasum
Rumen-Void Ping
Pneumoperitoneum
Right-Sided Pings
Right Displacement and/or Volvulus of the Abomasum
Cecal Dilatation and/or Volvulus
Distention of the Proximal Colon
Pneumorectum
Distention of the Small Intestine
Physometra
Ventral Sac of Rumen
Examination of the Calf
Examination of the Small Ruminant
Color of the Conjunctiva and Sclera
Body-Condition Scoring
Further Examination of the Eyes
Teeth
Lymph Node Examination
Lameness
Respiratory Examination
Examination of the Abdomen
Evaluation of the Urinary Tract
Examination of the Udder and Scrotum
Recommended Readings
Examination of the Surgical Patient (Pig)
General Considerations
Safety, Handling, and Restraint
Vital Signs
General Appearance
Skin
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, Throat, and Neck
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Mammary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Urinary
Hemolymphatic
Ancillary Diagnostics
Intravenous Catheterization
Recommended Readings
2 Diagnostic Imaging
Radiography
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine, CT, and MRI
Recommended Readings
3 Presurgical Considerations
Preoperative Preparation
Evaluation of the Patient
Decision Making
Patient Positioning
Preparation of the Surgery Site
Preparation of the Surgeon
Draping the Surgical Field
Prevention of Peritonitis and Surgical Infection
Precontamination
Contamination
Recommended Readings
Surgical Considerations
Perioperative Antimicrobials and Analgesics
Perioperative Analgesics
Recommended Readings
Facilities and Restraining Devices
Introduction
Animal Behavior
Knots
Square Knot
Quick-Release Slip Knot
Bowline Knot
Restraint of Cattle
Moving Cattle
Getting a Cow to Stand
Moving Animals by Halter
Moving Animals through Chutes
Head Restraint
Halters
Nose Tongs
Head Gates
Kicking
Hobbles
Flanking
Tailing
Tail Ties
Surgical Position
Surgical Tables
Casting
Foot Restraint
Hind Feet
Front Feet
Restraint of Small Ruminants
Moving Small Ruminants
Head Restraint
Surgical Positioning
Restraint of Swine
Moving Swine
Head Restraint—Snare
Surgical Positioning
Body Restraint
Crates or Chutes
Barrier
Recommended Readings
Downer Cows: Case Management and Appropriate Use of a Floating Tank
Occurrence and Etiology
Definition of a Downer Cow
Pathophysiology of a Downer Cow
Assessment of a Downer Cow
History
Age of the Animal
Calving
Trauma
Behavior While Being Recumbent
Treatment History and Response
Physical Examination
Musculoskeletal Examination and Conditions
Pelvic Limb
Thoracic Limb
Vertebral Column
Other Areas of Concern
Nonfatal Musculoskeletal Conditions on a Downer Cow
Muscular Damage
Peroneus Tertius (That Is, Fibularis Tertius) Rupture (See Chapter 15)
Brachial, Radial Nerve Paralysis
Fatal Musculoskeletal Conditions on a Downer Adult Cow
Ventral Coxofemoral Luxation
Ruptured Gastrocnemius
Femoral Fracture
Vertebral Trauma and Lymphoma
Acute Systemic Inflammatory Conditions
Neurologic Deficit
Electrolyte Imbalance
Treatment and Management of a Down Cow
Stall and Stall Surface
Fluid-Replacement Therapy
Pain Control and Antiinflammatory Drugs
Antibiotic Therapy
Lifting a Cow
Physical Assistance
Lifting Straps
Hip Clamps
Inflatable Ball
Flotation Tanks/Aqua Cow
Complications
Recommended Readings
Biosecurity
Recommended Readings
Special Considerations When Working with Rescue Organizations
Recommended Readings
4 Fluid Therapy
Estimating Rehydration Needs
Choice of Solution
Fluid Therapy in Cattle with Metabolic Acidosis
Alkalinizing Solutions
Calculating Base Deficit
Electrolyte Needs
Summary
Fluid Therapy in Cattle without Metabolic Acidosis
Nonalkalinizing Solutions
Hypertonic Saline Solution
Summary
Equipment and Techniques
Intraruminal Administration
IV Administration
Recommended Readings
5 Sedation, General Anesthesia, and Analgesia
Preparation for Sedation or General Anesthesia in Farm Animals
Preparation of the Patient
Preparation of Facility and Equipment/Supplies
Sedation of Farm Animals
General Considerations
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
Intravenous Catheterization
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
General Anesthesia
Induction and Intubation
General Recommendations
Adult Cattle
Calves, Sheep, and Goats
Swine
Maintenance
Monitoring and Supportive Care
Complications
Regurgitation
Rumen Tympany
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypoventilation and Hypoxemia
Recovery
Analgesia
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
Local and Regional Anesthetic Techniques
Regional Anesthesia for Procedures Involving the Head
Anesthesia of the Eye
Topical Anesthesia
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery
Peterson Block.
Retrobulbar Block.
Auriculopalpebral Nerve Block.
Anesthesia for Dehorning
Anesthesia for Abdominal Surgery
Infiltration Anesthesia
Paravertebral Block
Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthesia for Perineal Surgery
Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthesia of the Foot
Anesthesia of the Udder and Teat
Ring Block
Cistern Infusion
IV Regional Anesthesia of the Teat
Recommended Readings
6 General Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Laparoscopic Surgery
Laparoscopic Technique
Equipment
Preparation and Anesthesia
Pneumoperitoneum
Normal Anatomy
Right Flank
Left Flank
Ventral
Indications
Recommended Readings
Thoracoscopy
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Anatomic Particularity
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Readings
7 Postoperative Management
Postoperative Analgesia
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Flunixin Meglumine
Phenylbutazone
Meloxicam
Ketoprofen
Opioids
Morphine
Butorphanol
Gabapentin
Nutritional Management
Evaluation of GI Function
Gastrointestinal Fill
Dorsal and Ventral Distention on the Left with Ventral Distention on the Right
Prominent Dorsal Distention on the Left with Ventral Distention on the Right
Bilateral Ventral Distention
Gastrointestinal Motility
Ruminal Microbes
Ruminal Fluid Analysis
Transfaunation
Postoperative Feeding
Neonates
Mature Ruminants
Motility Modifiers
Motility Registration
Physiologic GI Motility
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon (PLAC)
Spiral Colon
Pathologic Motility Patterns
Intestinal Obstruction
Cecal Dilatation/Dislocation
Displacement of the Abomasum
Prokinetics in Ruminants
Bethanechol
Neostigmine
Metoclopramide
Erythromycin
Lidocaine
Recommended Readings
8 Neoplasia
Neoplasia in Farm Animals—general overview
What Does the Pathologist Need to Get an Accurate Diagnosis?
The Role of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics in the Diagnosis
Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissue
Papilloma and Fibropapilloma (Papillomatosis)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous Horn
Melanocytic Tumors
Mast Cell Tumors
Cutaneous Lymphoma
Cutaneous Vascular Tumors
Other Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Skin
Cysts
Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors of the Eye
Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Jaw
Oral Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors of Bones of the Jaw
Tumors of the Gastrointestinal System
Esophagus
Forestomach
Abomasum/Stomach
Intestine
Pancreas
Salivary Gland
Tumors of the Respiratory Tract
Tumors of the Nasal Passages and Sinuses
Tumors of the Lung
Tumors of the Thoracic Cavity
Tumors of the Udder and Mammary Gland
Udder
Mammary Gland
Tumors of the Female Genital Tract
Tumors of the Vulva
Tumors of the Vagina and Cervix
Tumors of the Uterus
Tumors of the Accessory Sex Glands
Tumors of the Ovary
Tumors of the Male Genital Tract
Tumors of the Penis, Prepuce, and Scrotum
Tumors of the Testis
Tumors of the Kidney and Urinary Bladder
Kidney
Urinary Bladder
Tumors of the Liver and Gallbladder
Tumors of the Spleen
Tumors of the Abdominal Cavity
Tumors of Endocrine Glands
Tumors of Bone and Joint
Recommended Readings
Auxiliary Treatment of Neoplasia in Farm Animals
Recommended Readings
9 Dentistry
Anatomic Considerations
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Common Pathology
Malocclusions
Periodontal Disease
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Endodontic Disease
Pharyngeal Trauma
Lumpy Jaw
Oral Masses
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Mandibular and Maxillary Fractures
Diagnosis
Oral Examination
Radiography
Treatment
Routine Care and Odontoplasty
Extractions
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Endodontics and Vital Pulp Therapy
Intraoral Wiring and Composite Splinting
Recommended Readings
10 Surgery of the Eyes
History, Examination, Ocular Analgesia, and Eyelid Akinesia
Administering Medication to Eyes
Transpalpebral Ocular Lavage Apparatus
Diagnosis of Globe and Orbit Diseases
Congenital
Exophthalmos
Orbital Inflammation and Cellulitis
Orbital Neoplasia
General Surgical Techniques
Preparation of Periocular Tissues
Basic Ophthalmic Surgical Instrumentation
Anesthesia
Enucleation: Transpalpebral Approach
Enucleation: Subconjunctival Approach
Orbit Exenteration
Evisceration with Intrascleral Prosthesis
Surgical Treatment of Specific Conditions
Acute Head Trauma with Eye Injuries
Blunt Trauma to the Eye without Laceration or Rupture
Orbital and Periorbital Fractures
Eyelid and Membrana Nictitans Diseases
Ectropion
Entropion
Temporary Tarsorrhaphy
Reversible, Split-Lid Tarsorrhaphy (Figure 10-22)
Nasolacrimal Duct Lavage
Periocular Fat Pad Hypertrophy in Pot-Bellied Pigs
Eyelid Lacerations
Palpebral Nerve Paralysis
Eyelid Tumors
Membrana Nictitans Excision
Other Conditions Involving the Membrana Nictitans
Conjunctival and Corneal Diseases
Lacerations and Ruptures of the Cornea and/or Sclera
Corneal Foreign Bodies
Corneal Ulcers Requiring Surgical Intervention
Cataract Surgery
Recommended Readings
11 Postmortem Examination
Biosecurity and Biocontainment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Ergonomics
Equipment
Sampling and Ancillary Testing
PM Procedure
Recommended Reading
Part II BOVINE (ADULT)
12 Surgery of the Bovine (Adult) Integumentary System
Wounds
Wound Healing
Inflammation
Debridement
Repair
Maturation
Factors That Affect Wound Healing
Wound Management
Patient Assessment
Patient Preparation
Anesthesia
Wound Assessment
Wound Lavage
Wound Debridement
Management Options
Primary Wound Closure
Delayed Primary or Secondary Closure
Second-Intention Healing
Bandaging
Wet-to-Dry Dressings
Semiocclusive, Nonadherent Dressings
Topical Medications
Aloe Vera Extract
Triple Antibiotic Ointment
Silver Sulfadiazine
Nitrofurazone
Povidone-Iodine Ointment
Petroleum
Systemic Medication
Tetanus Toxoid
Systemic Antibiotics
Myiasis
Exuberant Granulation Tissue (Proud Flesh)
Recommended Readings
Skin Grafts
Introduction
Patient Selection
Graft Harvest
Graft Implantation
Aftercare
Outcome
Recommended Readings
Dehorning/Cornuectomy
Historical Perspective
Anatomy
Restraint
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Methods
Chemical Dehorning
Thermal Dehorning
Portable
Corded
Cutting Dehorning
Tube Dehorner
Scoop/Gouge Dehorner
Keystone
Electrically Powered
Obstetric Wire and Others
Genetic and Other
Cosmetic Dehorning
Preparation
Technique
Aftercare and Complications
Recommended Readings
Insertion of a Nose Ring
13 Surgery of the Bovine (Adult) Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Diagnostics
Physical Examination
Endoscopic Examination
Imaging Examination
Recommended Readings
Nasal Obstruction
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Paranasal Sinuses
Occurrence and Etiology
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Nasopharynx
Occurrence and Etiology
Pharyngeal Trauma
Pharyngotomy
Retropharyngeal Mass
Pharyngeal Collapse and Swelling
Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate
Palatoschisis (Cleft Palate)
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Treatments
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Larynx
Occurrence and Etiology
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Arytenoidectomy
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Other Surgical Approaches to Laryngeal Obstruction
Laryngeal Obstruction in Adult Cattle
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Extrathoracic Trachea
Tracheotomy and Temporary Tracheostomy Tube
Permanent Tracheostomy
Tracheal Collapse
Tracheal Stenosis
Extratracheal Compression
Intratracheal Obstruction
Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Lungs and Pleural Cavity
Occurrence and Etiology
Management
Anesthetic Considerations for Lateral Thoracotomy
Surgical Considerations
Recommended Readings
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Pericardium
Lateral Thoracotomy
Sternal Thoracotomy (Median Sternotomy)
Idiopathic Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion
Postoperative Management
Recommended Readings
Diseases of the Vascular System: Thrombophlebitis and Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Occurrence and Etiology
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Recommended Readings
14 Surgery of the Bovine Digestive System
Surgical Diseases of the Oral Cavity
Anatomic Considerations
Diagnosis and Treatment (Dental Diseases are Covered in Chapter 9)
Lacerations
Cross-Suckling
Partial Glossectomy
Oropharyngeal Membrane
Salivary Glands
Recommended Readings
Mandibular Fractures, Osteomyelitis, and neoplasia
Mandibular Fractures
Surgical Options for Fractures
Figure-8 Wiring
Intraoral Acrylic Splinting
Screw Fixation
U Bar
Kirschner-Ehmer
Plating
Complications
Osteomyelitis
Neoplasia (see also Chapter 8)
Recommended Readings
Esophageal Surgery
Esophageal Anatomy
Clinical Signs of Esophageal Disease
Diagnosis of Esophageal Disease
Esophagoscopy
Bovine Esophageal Radiology
Surgical Considerations
Esophageal Closure
Foreign Body Obstruction
Cervical Esophagotomy
Transthoracic Esophagotomy
Esophageal Perforation or Laceration
Stricture
Nonsurgical Management
Surgical Management
Esophagomyotomy
Partial Esophageal Resection
Complete Esophageal Resection
Fenestration through a Cicatrix
Esophageal Diverticulum
Occurrence and Diagnosis
Treatment
Esophageal Fistula
Esophageal Ulceration
Megaesophagus
Recommended Readings
Approaches to the Bovine Abdomen
Anatomy
Approaches to the Abdomen
Left-Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Right-Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Right-Paramedian Celiotomy
Ventrolateral Celiotomy
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Right Paracostal Approach
Left Oblique Celiotomy
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Ruminant Forestomach Compartments
Anatomy and Physiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Vagal Indigestion
Cornell Classification of Vagal Indigestion in Cattle
Clinical Findings
Clinical Pathology
Medical Treatments
Surgical Treatment
Left-Flank Celiotomy
Rumenotomy with the Rumen Board or Weingarth Apparatus
Rumenotomy after Suturing the Rumen Wall to the Skin
Transruminal Exploration
Closure
Postoperative Management
Prognosis
Placement of a Commercial Rumen Fistula in Adult Cattle
Temporary Rumen Fistula
Lactic Acidosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Abomasum
Introduction
Abomasal Physiology and Anatomy
Abomasal Function
Secretions
Motility
Surgical Conditions of the Abomasum
Altered Abomasal Outflow
Abomasal Displacement Syndromes
Left Abomasal Displacement (LDA)— General Considerations
Definition and Incidence.
Predisposing Factors.
Stage of Lactation.
Anatomy.
Genetics.
Nutrition.
Metabolism.
Management and Environment.
Diagnosis and General Prognosis
Diagnosis.
Prognosis (general).
Treatment
General considerations.
Medical management and supportive care.
Left Abomasal Displacement (LDA): Closed Procedures
Rolling.
Preparation.
Procedure.
Posttreatment care.
Prognosis and complications.
Blind Tack/Toggle Pin.
Preparation.
Procedures.
Postoperative care.
Prognosis and complications.
Left Abomasal Displacement: Open Surgical Procedures
Right-Paralumbar Fossa (Flank) Omentopexy.
Preparation.
Approach.
Abomasal repositioning.
Omentopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Pyloropexy with or without omentopexy.
Preparation.
Pyloropexy.
Pyloropexy with omentopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Right-paramedian abomasopexy.
Preparation.
Procedure.
Abomasal repositioning.
Abomasopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Left-Paralumbar Fossa (Flank) Abomasopexy.
Preparation.
Approach.
Stabilization.
Prognosis and complications.
Laparoscopic Abomasopexy
Laparoscope-Assisted Toggle Pin Procedures
Two-Step Technique
One-Step Standing Technique
One-Step Recumbent Technique
Postoperative Care
Ventral Laparoscopic Abomasopexy
Complications
Expected Outcome
Recommended Readings
Abomasal Displacement (RDA) and Volvulus (RVA) to the Right: General Considerations
Definition and Incidence
Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
General Treatment Considerations
Medical Management and Supportive Care
Abomasal Displacements to the Right (RDA and RVA): Specific Procedures
Right-Flank Omentopexy/Pyloropexy
Preparation
Procedure
Prognosis and Complications
Right-Paramedian Abomasopexy
Abomasal Displacement to the Right (RDA and RVA): General Postoperative Care
General Prognosis and Complications
Abomasal Outflow Obstructions without Displacement
Mixed Mechanical and Functional Obstructions: Abomasal Impactions
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Surgical Management: Left-Flank Exploratory/Rumenotomy (Step 1)
Surgical Management: Abomasotomy (Step 2)
Alternative Surgical Management: Right Flank Exploratory
Mixed Mechanical and Functional Obstructions: Adhesions
Mechanical Obstructions
Intraluminal Obstructions
Mural Lesions
Extraluminal Masses
Functional Obstructions
Functional Obstructions—Ileus
Loss of Abomasal Mucosal Integrity
Abomasal Erosions and Ulcers
Definition
Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis and Prognosis.
Type 1 Ulcers
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Treatment.
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Adult Cattle and Feedlot Steers.
Prognosis
Type II Ulcers
Type III Ulcers
Type IV Ulcers
Abomasal Fistulas
Definition and Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preparation
Procedure
Prognosis and Complications
Recommended Readings
Small-Intestine Surgery in Cattle
Anatomy
Surgical Approach
Small-Intestinal Accidents
Clinical Signs
Functional and Non-strangulating Obstruction
Duodenal Outflow Obstruction
Treatment/Prognosis/Complications
Strangulating Obstruction
Intussusception
Intestinal Volvulus
Segmental Small-Intestinal Volvulus
Treatment
Torsion of the Mesenteric Root
Treatment
Miscellaneous Causes of Small-Intestinal Obstruction
Incarceration, Entrapment
Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome
Fat Necrosis
Neoplasia
Spontaneous Rupture of the Small Intestine
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Cecum
Anatomy
Physiology
Cecal Dilation/Dislocation
Etiopathogenesis
Epidemiological Factors
Classification of Cecal Dilation/Dislocation
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Therapy and Prognosis
Typhlotomy
Cecal Intussusceptions
Amputation of the Cecum
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Colon
Anatomy
Physiology
Intussusception of the Spiral Colon
Obstruction of the Spiral Colon
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Prognosis
Rectal Prolapse
Occurrence and Classification
Pathogenesis and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Management
Replacement and Purse-String Suture
Submucosal Resection
Stairstep Amputation
Aftercare and Complications
Recommended Readings
Intraabdominal and Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Perireticular Abscesses
Omental Bursa Abscess
Anatomy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Syndrome
Surgical Treatment
Other Abdominal Abscesses
Single, Large Liver Abscess
Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Incisional Infection
Recommended Readings
Surgery and the Peritoneum
Basic Structure and Function
Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Histology
Blood and Lymphatic Supply
Innervation
Physiology and Function
Peritoneal Fluid Production
Gliding Surface
Host Defenses
Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis.
Physical Removal.
Functional Isolation of Waste by Omentum and Fibrin.
Peritoneal Repair
Diagnostic Procedures
Physical Examination
Peritoneal Imaging
Peritoneal Fluid
Fluid Collection.
Fluid Evaluation.
Cytology.
Special Chemistry Evaluation.
Disorders of the Peritoneum
Peritoneal Infection
Categories of Infectious Peritonitis.
Secondary peritonitis.
Tertiary peritonitis.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis.
Common Organisms in Cattle.
Treatment
Contamination—Stage 1.
Acute Diffuse Peritonitis—Stage 2 (for example, Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis).
Acute Adhesive Peritonitis—Stage 3 (for example, LDA with Perforating Ulcer).
Chronic Abscessing Peritonitis—Stage 4.
Prognosis
Noninfectious Diseases of the Peritoneum
Nonseptic Peritonitis
Uroperitoneum
Peritoneal Adhesions
Significance
Pathophysiology
Control and Treatment
Promotion.
Prevention.
Routine preventative measures.
Increased adhesion risk and value.
Potential tools.
Treatment.
Recommended Readings
15 Surgery of the Bovine Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal Examination in Cattle
History
Lameness Examination
Observation
Posture
Examination in Motion
Grading of Lameness
Limb Examination
Use of Selective Anesthesia
Examination of the Foot
Selected Diagnostic Tests
Recommended Readings
Treatment of Pathologic Diseases
Foot Including Digit Fractures
Toe Tip Necrosis
Vertical Crack
Amputation of the Accessory Digit (Dewclaw)
Interdigital Hyperplasia (Corn)
Fracture of the Distal Phalanx
Pedal Osteitis
Septic Arthritis of the DIP Joint
Digit Amputation
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint by the Solar Approach
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint by a Dorsal Approach
Recommended Readings
Sepsis of the Common Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath
Tenosynovioscopic Lavage
Tenosynoviotomy with Resection of Affected Tissue
Recommended Reading
Septic Arthritis (Excluding Digit)
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antimicrobial Uses
Joint Lavage/Drainage
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Ligamentous Damage
Lacerations to or Adjacent to the Joints
Recommended Reading
Cranial cruciate rupture
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injury
Preoperative and Operative Preparation
Stifle Joint Imbrication
Surgical Procedure
Replacement of the CCL
Gluteobiceps Tendon as Replacement for the CCL
Synthetic Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Postoperative Care and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Damage to the Collateral Ligaments of the Stifle
Surgical Procedure
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Gastrocnemius Rupture
Recommended Readings
Suspensory Ligament (Interosseus Muscle) Injury
Recommended Readings
Luxations/Subluxations
Scapulohumeral Joint
Coxofemoral Joint
Dorsal Patella Luxation
Tarsocrural Joint Luxation
Recommended Readings
Internal Fixation
Selection of Patients for Internal Fixation
Special Considerations in Calves
Special Considerations in Adult Cattle
Evaluation of a Fracture for Internal Fixation Repair
Diagnostic Imaging
General Presurgical Considerations
Anesthesia
General Principles of Internal Fixation in Cattle
Positioning
Surgical Approach and Fracture Reduction
Implants and Techniques
Bone Plates
Screws
Intramedullary Pins and Interlocking Nails
Complications of Internal Fixation
Infection
Implant Failure or Migration
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
External Fixation
General Principles
Casting
Thomas Splint and Cast Combination
External Skeletal Fixation
Biomechanics of ESF
Clinical Application of an External Skeletal Fixator
TPC
Recommended Readings
Specific Fractures Sites
Fracture of the Scapula
Recommended Reading
Fractures of the Humerus
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approaches
Methods of Internal Fixation
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Radius/Ulna
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach to the Radius
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Fracture of the Ulna
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach to the Ulna
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure and Postoperative Care
Carpal and Tarsal Fractures
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Metatarsal/Metacarpal
Recommended Readings
Pelvic Fractures
Recommended Readings
Sacral Fracture
Recommended Readings
Slipped Capital Femoral Physis
Fracture of the Femoral Head
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Femoral Head Ostectomy
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Femur
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Method of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Readings
Fracture of the Tibia
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Reading
Bone Sequestrum
Occurrence and Etiology
Treatment
Postoperative Care
Recommended Readings
Farrier Hoof Support/ Management
Occurrence and Etiologies
Penetrating Injuries and Abscesses
Management of Penetrating Injuries/Abscess
Internal Diseases and Injuries
Support Needs (See Also the Section on Orthotics and Splints)
Recommended Readings
Considerations for the Use of Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Splints
Splints
Orthotics and Prosthesis
Casting and Measurements
16 Surgery of the Bovine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract
Applied Anatomy and Examination of the Reproductive Tract
Castration
Bilateral Orchidectomy
Castration of Calves and Small Ruminants
Unilateral Orchidectomy
Bloodless Castration
Postoperative Care
Complications
Testicular Biopsy
Surgical Management of Specific Conditions
Cryptorchidism/Testicular Anomaly
Scrotal Trauma
Inguinal/Scrotal Hernia
Surgical Repair of Indirect Inguinal Hernia— Flank Approach
Surgical Repair of Indirect Inguinal Hernia— Inguinal Approach
Direct Inguinal Hernia
Surgical Repair of Direct Inguinal Hernia— Inguinal Approach
Congenital Inguinal Hernia
Complications
Epididymectomy
Vasectomy
Surgery of the Accessory Glands
Seminal Vesiculectomy
Penile Surgery (for Urolithiasis See Chapter 23)
Examination of the Penis
Penile Hematoma
Deviations of the Penis
Treatment
Erection Failure
Penile Tumors
Penile Procedures for Teaser Bulls
Persistent Frenulum
Preputial Surgery
Relocation of the Prepuce and Penis
Preputial Avulsion
Preputial Hair Ring
Preputial Prolapse
Preputial Erosions
Preputial Abscess
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
Surgery of the Ovary
Surgical Approaches
Celiotomy
Colpotomy Approach
Outcome
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Uterus
Relevant Surgical Anatomy
Cesarean Section
Surgical Approach
Standing Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Paramedian Celiotomy
Ventrolateral Celiotomy
Left Oblique Celiotomy
Delivering the Calf
Uterine Torsion
Hydrops
Uterine Rupture
Uterine Abscesses and Adhesions
Partial Hysterectomy
Surgical Technique
Complete Ovariohysterectomy
Adult Cattle.
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Vagina
Urovagina
Management
Diagnosis
Surgical Correction
Transverse Fold Techniques
Urethral Tube Extension Techniques
Recommended Readings
Imperforate Hymen
Cystic Major Vestibular Glands
Dystocia Caused by Stenosis or Constriction of the Vulva and Vestibule
Surgical Conditions of the Postpartum Period
Hemorrhage into the Uterus or Vagina
Perivaginal Bleeding and Hematoma
Lacerations of the Vagina and Vulva
Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse
Treatment
Buhner Suture Placement
Cervicopexy and Vaginopexy
Uterine Prolapse and Eversion
Treatment
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Perineum
First- and Second-Degree Perineal Lacerations
Third-Degree Perineal Lacerations
One-Stage Repair (Modified Goetz)
Rectovaginal Fistula Repair
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Mammary Gland
Relevant Surgical Anatomy
Management of Chronic Mastitis
Chemical Destruction of the Mammary Gland
Mastectomy
Ligation of External Pudendal Artery
Udder Biopsy
Recommended Readings
Teat Surgery
Anatomy
Examination
Restraint, Anesthesia, and Preparation of the Surgical Field
Pathologies
Supernumerary Teats
Conjoined Teats
Pathologies Characterized by Reduced Milk Flow
(Partial) Agenesis of the Streak Canal
Tight Streak Canal
Obstruction in the Area of the Rosette of Furstenberg
Milk Stones
Obstructions in the Area of the Teat Cistern and/or the Annular Ring
Fibrosis of the Gland Sinus
Open Teat Lacerations
Surgical Correction of Teat Lacerations
Teat Fistula
Surgical Interventions
Teat Amputation
Thelotomy
Theloscopy
Implantation of Teat Prosthesis (Editors’ Addendum)
Postoperative Management
Complications
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Kidney
Anatomy
Unilateral Nephrectomy
Renal Biopsy
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Urinary Bladder and Ureters
Anatomy
Ruptured Urinary Bladder (Adult Cattle)
Eversion and Retroflexion of the Urinary Bladder
Surgery of the Ureters
Ureteral Calculi
Ectopic Ureters
Excretory Urography
Recommended Readings
Part III CALF
17 Surgery of the Calf Gastrointestinal System
Abomasal Disease
Abomasal Displacement
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical Management
Surgical Treatment
Abomasal Volvulus
Luminal Obstruction
Abomasal Ulceration
Diagnosis
Type I Ulcers
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Management
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Ruminal Distention in Calves
Clinical Findings
Rumen Fistula
Surgical Technique
Recommended Readings
Small-Intestinal Surgery in Calves
Recommended Readings
Cecal Intussusceptions
Occurrence
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Therapy and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Colon
Intussusception of the Spiral Colon
Luminal Obstruction of Spiral Colon
Atresia Coli
Occurrence and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Right-Flank Approach
Median Approach
Prognosis
Atresia Ani (Et Recti)
Occurrence and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
18 Surgery of the Calf Musculoskeletal System
Polydactyly
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Flexural and Hyperextension Deformities
Clinical Presentation and Management of Hyperextension Deformities
Clinical Presentation and Management of Flexural Deformities
Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Correction
Anatomic Considerations
Surgical Alternatives
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Angular and Rotational Limb Deformities
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Preoperative Measurements
Closing Wedge Osteotomy
Step-wise Osteotomy
Cylindrical (i.e., Dome) Osteotomy
Surgical Techniques
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Septic Joints
Diagnosis
Treatment
Arthrodesis
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Patellar Luxation
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Classification of Patellar Luxation
Management
Closure
Postoperative Care
Recommended Readings
Musculoskeletal System: Spastic Paresis (Elso Heel)
Surgical Treatment
Recommended Readings
19 Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Calf
Umbilicus
Umbilical Hernias/Masses
Uncomplicated Umbilical Hernias
Umbilical Hernias with Localized Abscesses/Subcutaneous Infection
Umbilical Hernias with Infection of the Umbilical Cord Remnants
Umbilical Abscesses/Chronic Omphalitis
Urachal Cysts/Ruptures
Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Complications
Recommended Readings
Otitis Media/Interna: Calves
Anatomical and Pathophysiological Considerations
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ventral Tympanic Bulla Osteotomy
Recommended Reading
Part IV SHEEP AND GOAT
20 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Integumentary System
Skinfold Ablation
Predator Attack
Tail Docking
Caprine Disbudding and Dehorning
Disbudding
Surgical Cosmetic Dehorning
Descenting Bucks
Lumps and Bumps of Sheep and Goats
Lymphadenopathy
Lesions Not Associated with Lymph Nodes
Head
Neck
Thorax, Abdomen, and Perineum
Recommended Readings
21 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Digestive System
Surgery of the Forestomach
Abomasal Surgery
Abomasotomy
Surgical Management of Intestinal Obstruction or Trauma
Exploratory Laparotomy
Rumen, Abomasal, and Esophageal Fistulization (Cannulization)
Surgical Procedure
Rectal Prolapse
Classification by Severity
Recommended Readings
22 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Musculoskeletal System
Patellar Luxation in Sheep and Goats
Surgical Approach
Lateral Capsule Imbrication
Tibial Tuberosity Transposition
Sulcoplasty
Postoperative Management
Summary
Recommended Readings
23 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Anesthesia and Restraint
Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
Cesarean Section
Restraint and Anesthesia
The Ventral Abdominal Paramedian Approach
Left-Flank Laparotomy.
Ventral Midline Approach.
Postsurgical Complications and Fertility
Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariectomy
Complications of Laparoscopic Techniques in Small Ruminants
Surgical Embryo Collection
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Male Reproductive and Urinary Tract
Castration
Cryptorchid Castration
Vasectomy
Epididymectomy
Translocation of the Penis
Recommended Readings
Urolithiasis
Preoperative Considerations
Potential Complications
Surgical Treatment
Urethral Surgery
General Considerations
Urethral Process Amputation
Urohydropulsion
Urinary Acidification
Penectomy (Penile Amputation)
Perineal Urethrostomy
Ischial Urethrostomy
Modified Proximal Perineal Urethrostomy
Ischial Urethrotomy
Urethrotomy
Surgery of the Urinary Bladder
General Considerations
Cystotomy
Tube Cystostomy
Bladder Marsupialization
Postoperative Care and Complications
Recommended Readings
24 Congenital Anomalies in the Sheep and Goat
Intersex
Cryptorchidism
Cleft Palate
Atresia Ani
Recommended Readings
Part V SWINE
25 Surgery of the Swine Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Tract
Abdominal Approaches and Body Wall Closure/Abdominal Exploration
Gastric Ulcers
Intestinal Obstruction
Atresia Ani
Rectal Stricture
Rectal Prolapse
Umbilical Hernia
Recommended Readings
26 Surgery of the Swine Musculoskeletal System
Foot Problems (Claw Lesions)
Osteitis and Osteomyelitis of the Digit
P3 Infection
Septic Interphalangeal Joints
Digit Amputation
Ankylosis of the Proximal or Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Recommended Readings
Fracture Repair
Specific Fractures
Fractures of the Humerus
Fractures of the Tibia/Fibula
Femoral Fractures
Recommended Readings
27 Surgery of the Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Surgery of the Male Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Castration
Unilateral Castration
Cryptorchid Castration
Inguinal Hernia
Preparation of Teaser Boars
Prolapsed Penis
Persistent Frenulum
Preputial Prolapse
Resection of Preputial Diverticulum
Surgery of the Female Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Vaginal Prolapse
Bladder Displacement or Retroversion
Ovariectomy
Ovariohysterectomy
Ovariectomy for Sterilization of Pet Pigs
Choice of Procedure: Laparoscopic Ovariectomy vs. Open Ovariectomy or Ovariohysterectomy
Technique for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy
Open Ovariectomy or Ovariohysterectomy
Cesarean Section
Uterine Prolapse
Mastectomy
Recommended Readings
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Back Cover
Half-Title page
Farm Animal Surgery
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Part I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO ALL SPECIES
1 Examination of the Surgical Patient
Examination of Adult Cattle
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Procedures
Rumen-Fluid Analysis
Ororumen Tube
Abdominocentesis
Laboratory Work
Abdominal Ultrasonography
Disorders Causing Abdominal Distention in Cattle
Vagus Indigestion
I—Failure of Eructation
II—Failure of Omasal Transport
III—Failure of Abomasal Outflow
Other Causes of Ruminal Distention
Froth Accumulation in the Rumen
Rumen Acidosis
Abomasal Ulcers
Disorders that Cause Tympanitic Resonance (Pings) in Cattle
Left-Sided Pings
Left Displacement of the Abomasum
Rumen-Void Ping
Pneumoperitoneum
Right-Sided Pings
Right Displacement and/or Volvulus of the Abomasum
Cecal Dilatation and/or Volvulus
Distention of the Proximal Colon
Pneumorectum
Distention of the Small Intestine
Physometra
Ventral Sac of Rumen
Examination of the Calf
Examination of the Small Ruminant
Color of the Conjunctiva and Sclera
Body-Condition Scoring
Further Examination of the Eyes
Teeth
Lymph Node Examination
Lameness
Respiratory Examination
Examination of the Abdomen
Evaluation of the Urinary Tract
Examination of the Udder and Scrotum
Recommended Readings
Examination of the Surgical Patient (Pig)
General Considerations
Safety, Handling, and Restraint
Vital Signs
General Appearance
Skin
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, Throat, and Neck
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Mammary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Reproductive
Urinary
Hemolymphatic
Ancillary Diagnostics
Intravenous Catheterization
Recommended Readings
2 Diagnostic Imaging
Radiography
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine, CT, and MRI
Recommended Readings
3 Presurgical Considerations
Preoperative Preparation
Evaluation of the Patient
Decision Making
Patient Positioning
Preparation of the Surgery Site
Preparation of the Surgeon
Draping the Surgical Field
Prevention of Peritonitis and Surgical Infection
Precontamination
Contamination
Recommended Readings
Surgical Considerations
Perioperative Antimicrobials and Analgesics
Perioperative Analgesics
Recommended Readings
Facilities and Restraining Devices
Introduction
Animal Behavior
Knots
Square Knot
Quick-Release Slip Knot
Bowline Knot
Restraint of Cattle
Moving Cattle
Getting a Cow to Stand
Moving Animals by Halter
Moving Animals through Chutes
Head Restraint
Halters
Nose Tongs
Head Gates
Kicking
Hobbles
Flanking
Tailing
Tail Ties
Surgical Position
Surgical Tables
Casting
Foot Restraint
Hind Feet
Front Feet
Restraint of Small Ruminants
Moving Small Ruminants
Head Restraint
Surgical Positioning
Restraint of Swine
Moving Swine
Head Restraint—Snare
Surgical Positioning
Body Restraint
Crates or Chutes
Barrier
Recommended Readings
Downer Cows: Case Management and Appropriate Use of a Floating Tank
Occurrence and Etiology
Definition of a Downer Cow
Pathophysiology of a Downer Cow
Assessment of a Downer Cow
History
Age of the Animal
Calving
Trauma
Behavior While Being Recumbent
Treatment History and Response
Physical Examination
Musculoskeletal Examination and Conditions
Pelvic Limb
Thoracic Limb
Vertebral Column
Other Areas of Concern
Nonfatal Musculoskeletal Conditions on a Downer Cow
Muscular Damage
Peroneus Tertius (That Is, Fibularis Tertius) Rupture (See Chapter 15)
Brachial, Radial Nerve Paralysis
Fatal Musculoskeletal Conditions on a Downer Adult Cow
Ventral Coxofemoral Luxation
Ruptured Gastrocnemius
Femoral Fracture
Vertebral Trauma and Lymphoma
Acute Systemic Inflammatory Conditions
Neurologic Deficit
Electrolyte Imbalance
Treatment and Management of a Down Cow
Stall and Stall Surface
Fluid-Replacement Therapy
Pain Control and Antiinflammatory Drugs
Antibiotic Therapy
Lifting a Cow
Physical Assistance
Lifting Straps
Hip Clamps
Inflatable Ball
Flotation Tanks/Aqua Cow
Complications
Recommended Readings
Biosecurity
Recommended Readings
Special Considerations When Working with Rescue Organizations
Recommended Readings
4 Fluid Therapy
Estimating Rehydration Needs
Choice of Solution
Fluid Therapy in Cattle with Metabolic Acidosis
Alkalinizing Solutions
Calculating Base Deficit
Electrolyte Needs
Summary
Fluid Therapy in Cattle without Metabolic Acidosis
Nonalkalinizing Solutions
Hypertonic Saline Solution
Summary
Equipment and Techniques
Intraruminal Administration
IV Administration
Recommended Readings
5 Sedation, General Anesthesia, and Analgesia
Preparation for Sedation or General Anesthesia in Farm Animals
Preparation of the Patient
Preparation of Facility and Equipment/Supplies
Sedation of Farm Animals
General Considerations
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
Intravenous Catheterization
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
General Anesthesia
Induction and Intubation
General Recommendations
Adult Cattle
Calves, Sheep, and Goats
Swine
Maintenance
Monitoring and Supportive Care
Complications
Regurgitation
Rumen Tympany
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypoventilation and Hypoxemia
Recovery
Analgesia
Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Swine
Local and Regional Anesthetic Techniques
Regional Anesthesia for Procedures Involving the Head
Anesthesia of the Eye
Topical Anesthesia
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery
Peterson Block.
Retrobulbar Block.
Auriculopalpebral Nerve Block.
Anesthesia for Dehorning
Anesthesia for Abdominal Surgery
Infiltration Anesthesia
Paravertebral Block
Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthesia for Perineal Surgery
Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthesia of the Foot
Anesthesia of the Udder and Teat
Ring Block
Cistern Infusion
IV Regional Anesthesia of the Teat
Recommended Readings
6 General Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Laparoscopic Surgery
Laparoscopic Technique
Equipment
Preparation and Anesthesia
Pneumoperitoneum
Normal Anatomy
Right Flank
Left Flank
Ventral
Indications
Recommended Readings
Thoracoscopy
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Anatomic Particularity
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Readings
7 Postoperative Management
Postoperative Analgesia
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Flunixin Meglumine
Phenylbutazone
Meloxicam
Ketoprofen
Opioids
Morphine
Butorphanol
Gabapentin
Nutritional Management
Evaluation of GI Function
Gastrointestinal Fill
Dorsal and Ventral Distention on the Left with Ventral Distention on the Right
Prominent Dorsal Distention on the Left with Ventral Distention on the Right
Bilateral Ventral Distention
Gastrointestinal Motility
Ruminal Microbes
Ruminal Fluid Analysis
Transfaunation
Postoperative Feeding
Neonates
Mature Ruminants
Motility Modifiers
Motility Registration
Physiologic GI Motility
Abomasum
Small Intestine
Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon (PLAC)
Spiral Colon
Pathologic Motility Patterns
Intestinal Obstruction
Cecal Dilatation/Dislocation
Displacement of the Abomasum
Prokinetics in Ruminants
Bethanechol
Neostigmine
Metoclopramide
Erythromycin
Lidocaine
Recommended Readings
8 Neoplasia
Neoplasia in Farm Animals—general overview
What Does the Pathologist Need to Get an Accurate Diagnosis?
The Role of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics in the Diagnosis
Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissue
Papilloma and Fibropapilloma (Papillomatosis)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous Horn
Melanocytic Tumors
Mast Cell Tumors
Cutaneous Lymphoma
Cutaneous Vascular Tumors
Other Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Skin
Cysts
Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors of the Eye
Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Jaw
Oral Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors of Bones of the Jaw
Tumors of the Gastrointestinal System
Esophagus
Forestomach
Abomasum/Stomach
Intestine
Pancreas
Salivary Gland
Tumors of the Respiratory Tract
Tumors of the Nasal Passages and Sinuses
Tumors of the Lung
Tumors of the Thoracic Cavity
Tumors of the Udder and Mammary Gland
Udder
Mammary Gland
Tumors of the Female Genital Tract
Tumors of the Vulva
Tumors of the Vagina and Cervix
Tumors of the Uterus
Tumors of the Accessory Sex Glands
Tumors of the Ovary
Tumors of the Male Genital Tract
Tumors of the Penis, Prepuce, and Scrotum
Tumors of the Testis
Tumors of the Kidney and Urinary Bladder
Kidney
Urinary Bladder
Tumors of the Liver and Gallbladder
Tumors of the Spleen
Tumors of the Abdominal Cavity
Tumors of Endocrine Glands
Tumors of Bone and Joint
Recommended Readings
Auxiliary Treatment of Neoplasia in Farm Animals
Recommended Readings
9 Dentistry
Anatomic Considerations
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Common Pathology
Malocclusions
Periodontal Disease
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Endodontic Disease
Pharyngeal Trauma
Lumpy Jaw
Oral Masses
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Mandibular and Maxillary Fractures
Diagnosis
Oral Examination
Radiography
Treatment
Routine Care and Odontoplasty
Extractions
Cattle and Small Ruminants
Pigs
Endodontics and Vital Pulp Therapy
Intraoral Wiring and Composite Splinting
Recommended Readings
10 Surgery of the Eyes
History, Examination, Ocular Analgesia, and Eyelid Akinesia
Administering Medication to Eyes
Transpalpebral Ocular Lavage Apparatus
Diagnosis of Globe and Orbit Diseases
Congenital
Exophthalmos
Orbital Inflammation and Cellulitis
Orbital Neoplasia
General Surgical Techniques
Preparation of Periocular Tissues
Basic Ophthalmic Surgical Instrumentation
Anesthesia
Enucleation: Transpalpebral Approach
Enucleation: Subconjunctival Approach
Orbit Exenteration
Evisceration with Intrascleral Prosthesis
Surgical Treatment of Specific Conditions
Acute Head Trauma with Eye Injuries
Blunt Trauma to the Eye without Laceration or Rupture
Orbital and Periorbital Fractures
Eyelid and Membrana Nictitans Diseases
Ectropion
Entropion
Temporary Tarsorrhaphy
Reversible, Split-Lid Tarsorrhaphy (Figure 10-22)
Nasolacrimal Duct Lavage
Periocular Fat Pad Hypertrophy in Pot-Bellied Pigs
Eyelid Lacerations
Palpebral Nerve Paralysis
Eyelid Tumors
Membrana Nictitans Excision
Other Conditions Involving the Membrana Nictitans
Conjunctival and Corneal Diseases
Lacerations and Ruptures of the Cornea and/or Sclera
Corneal Foreign Bodies
Corneal Ulcers Requiring Surgical Intervention
Cataract Surgery
Recommended Readings
11 Postmortem Examination
Biosecurity and Biocontainment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Ergonomics
Equipment
Sampling and Ancillary Testing
PM Procedure
Recommended Reading
Part II BOVINE (ADULT)
12 Surgery of the Bovine (Adult) Integumentary System
Wounds
Wound Healing
Inflammation
Debridement
Repair
Maturation
Factors That Affect Wound Healing
Wound Management
Patient Assessment
Patient Preparation
Anesthesia
Wound Assessment
Wound Lavage
Wound Debridement
Management Options
Primary Wound Closure
Delayed Primary or Secondary Closure
Second-Intention Healing
Bandaging
Wet-to-Dry Dressings
Semiocclusive, Nonadherent Dressings
Topical Medications
Aloe Vera Extract
Triple Antibiotic Ointment
Silver Sulfadiazine
Nitrofurazone
Povidone-Iodine Ointment
Petroleum
Systemic Medication
Tetanus Toxoid
Systemic Antibiotics
Myiasis
Exuberant Granulation Tissue (Proud Flesh)
Recommended Readings
Skin Grafts
Introduction
Patient Selection
Graft Harvest
Graft Implantation
Aftercare
Outcome
Recommended Readings
Dehorning/Cornuectomy
Historical Perspective
Anatomy
Restraint
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Methods
Chemical Dehorning
Thermal Dehorning
Portable
Corded
Cutting Dehorning
Tube Dehorner
Scoop/Gouge Dehorner
Keystone
Electrically Powered
Obstetric Wire and Others
Genetic and Other
Cosmetic Dehorning
Preparation
Technique
Aftercare and Complications
Recommended Readings
Insertion of a Nose Ring
13 Surgery of the Bovine (Adult) Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Diagnostics
Physical Examination
Endoscopic Examination
Imaging Examination
Recommended Readings
Nasal Obstruction
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Paranasal Sinuses
Occurrence and Etiology
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Nasopharynx
Occurrence and Etiology
Pharyngeal Trauma
Pharyngotomy
Retropharyngeal Mass
Pharyngeal Collapse and Swelling
Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate
Palatoschisis (Cleft Palate)
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Treatments
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Larynx
Occurrence and Etiology
Preoperative Treatments and Surgical Preparation
Surgical Technique
Arytenoidectomy
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Other Surgical Approaches to Laryngeal Obstruction
Laryngeal Obstruction in Adult Cattle
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Extrathoracic Trachea
Tracheotomy and Temporary Tracheostomy Tube
Permanent Tracheostomy
Tracheal Collapse
Tracheal Stenosis
Extratracheal Compression
Intratracheal Obstruction
Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Lungs and Pleural Cavity
Occurrence and Etiology
Management
Anesthetic Considerations for Lateral Thoracotomy
Surgical Considerations
Recommended Readings
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Recommended Readings
Disorders of the Pericardium
Lateral Thoracotomy
Sternal Thoracotomy (Median Sternotomy)
Idiopathic Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion
Postoperative Management
Recommended Readings
Diseases of the Vascular System: Thrombophlebitis and Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Occurrence and Etiology
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Recommended Readings
14 Surgery of the Bovine Digestive System
Surgical Diseases of the Oral Cavity
Anatomic Considerations
Diagnosis and Treatment (Dental Diseases are Covered in Chapter 9)
Lacerations
Cross-Suckling
Partial Glossectomy
Oropharyngeal Membrane
Salivary Glands
Recommended Readings
Mandibular Fractures, Osteomyelitis, and neoplasia
Mandibular Fractures
Surgical Options for Fractures
Figure-8 Wiring
Intraoral Acrylic Splinting
Screw Fixation
U Bar
Kirschner-Ehmer
Plating
Complications
Osteomyelitis
Neoplasia (see also Chapter 8)
Recommended Readings
Esophageal Surgery
Esophageal Anatomy
Clinical Signs of Esophageal Disease
Diagnosis of Esophageal Disease
Esophagoscopy
Bovine Esophageal Radiology
Surgical Considerations
Esophageal Closure
Foreign Body Obstruction
Cervical Esophagotomy
Transthoracic Esophagotomy
Esophageal Perforation or Laceration
Stricture
Nonsurgical Management
Surgical Management
Esophagomyotomy
Partial Esophageal Resection
Complete Esophageal Resection
Fenestration through a Cicatrix
Esophageal Diverticulum
Occurrence and Diagnosis
Treatment
Esophageal Fistula
Esophageal Ulceration
Megaesophagus
Recommended Readings
Approaches to the Bovine Abdomen
Anatomy
Approaches to the Abdomen
Left-Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Right-Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Right-Paramedian Celiotomy
Ventrolateral Celiotomy
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Right Paracostal Approach
Left Oblique Celiotomy
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Ruminant Forestomach Compartments
Anatomy and Physiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Vagal Indigestion
Cornell Classification of Vagal Indigestion in Cattle
Clinical Findings
Clinical Pathology
Medical Treatments
Surgical Treatment
Left-Flank Celiotomy
Rumenotomy with the Rumen Board or Weingarth Apparatus
Rumenotomy after Suturing the Rumen Wall to the Skin
Transruminal Exploration
Closure
Postoperative Management
Prognosis
Placement of a Commercial Rumen Fistula in Adult Cattle
Temporary Rumen Fistula
Lactic Acidosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Abomasum
Introduction
Abomasal Physiology and Anatomy
Abomasal Function
Secretions
Motility
Surgical Conditions of the Abomasum
Altered Abomasal Outflow
Abomasal Displacement Syndromes
Left Abomasal Displacement (LDA)— General Considerations
Definition and Incidence.
Predisposing Factors.
Stage of Lactation.
Anatomy.
Genetics.
Nutrition.
Metabolism.
Management and Environment.
Diagnosis and General Prognosis
Diagnosis.
Prognosis (general).
Treatment
General considerations.
Medical management and supportive care.
Left Abomasal Displacement (LDA): Closed Procedures
Rolling.
Preparation.
Procedure.
Posttreatment care.
Prognosis and complications.
Blind Tack/Toggle Pin.
Preparation.
Procedures.
Postoperative care.
Prognosis and complications.
Left Abomasal Displacement: Open Surgical Procedures
Right-Paralumbar Fossa (Flank) Omentopexy.
Preparation.
Approach.
Abomasal repositioning.
Omentopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Pyloropexy with or without omentopexy.
Preparation.
Pyloropexy.
Pyloropexy with omentopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Right-paramedian abomasopexy.
Preparation.
Procedure.
Abomasal repositioning.
Abomasopexy.
Prognosis and complications.
Left-Paralumbar Fossa (Flank) Abomasopexy.
Preparation.
Approach.
Stabilization.
Prognosis and complications.
Laparoscopic Abomasopexy
Laparoscope-Assisted Toggle Pin Procedures
Two-Step Technique
One-Step Standing Technique
One-Step Recumbent Technique
Postoperative Care
Ventral Laparoscopic Abomasopexy
Complications
Expected Outcome
Recommended Readings
Abomasal Displacement (RDA) and Volvulus (RVA) to the Right: General Considerations
Definition and Incidence
Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
General Treatment Considerations
Medical Management and Supportive Care
Abomasal Displacements to the Right (RDA and RVA): Specific Procedures
Right-Flank Omentopexy/Pyloropexy
Preparation
Procedure
Prognosis and Complications
Right-Paramedian Abomasopexy
Abomasal Displacement to the Right (RDA and RVA): General Postoperative Care
General Prognosis and Complications
Abomasal Outflow Obstructions without Displacement
Mixed Mechanical and Functional Obstructions: Abomasal Impactions
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Surgical Management: Left-Flank Exploratory/Rumenotomy (Step 1)
Surgical Management: Abomasotomy (Step 2)
Alternative Surgical Management: Right Flank Exploratory
Mixed Mechanical and Functional Obstructions: Adhesions
Mechanical Obstructions
Intraluminal Obstructions
Mural Lesions
Extraluminal Masses
Functional Obstructions
Functional Obstructions—Ileus
Loss of Abomasal Mucosal Integrity
Abomasal Erosions and Ulcers
Definition
Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis and Prognosis.
Type 1 Ulcers
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Treatment.
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Adult Cattle and Feedlot Steers.
Prognosis
Type II Ulcers
Type III Ulcers
Type IV Ulcers
Abomasal Fistulas
Definition and Predisposing Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preparation
Procedure
Prognosis and Complications
Recommended Readings
Small-Intestine Surgery in Cattle
Anatomy
Surgical Approach
Small-Intestinal Accidents
Clinical Signs
Functional and Non-strangulating Obstruction
Duodenal Outflow Obstruction
Treatment/Prognosis/Complications
Strangulating Obstruction
Intussusception
Intestinal Volvulus
Segmental Small-Intestinal Volvulus
Treatment
Torsion of the Mesenteric Root
Treatment
Miscellaneous Causes of Small-Intestinal Obstruction
Incarceration, Entrapment
Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome
Fat Necrosis
Neoplasia
Spontaneous Rupture of the Small Intestine
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Cecum
Anatomy
Physiology
Cecal Dilation/Dislocation
Etiopathogenesis
Epidemiological Factors
Classification of Cecal Dilation/Dislocation
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Therapy and Prognosis
Typhlotomy
Cecal Intussusceptions
Amputation of the Cecum
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Colon
Anatomy
Physiology
Intussusception of the Spiral Colon
Obstruction of the Spiral Colon
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Prognosis
Rectal Prolapse
Occurrence and Classification
Pathogenesis and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Management
Replacement and Purse-String Suture
Submucosal Resection
Stairstep Amputation
Aftercare and Complications
Recommended Readings
Intraabdominal and Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Perireticular Abscesses
Omental Bursa Abscess
Anatomy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Syndrome
Surgical Treatment
Other Abdominal Abscesses
Single, Large Liver Abscess
Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Incisional Infection
Recommended Readings
Surgery and the Peritoneum
Basic Structure and Function
Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Histology
Blood and Lymphatic Supply
Innervation
Physiology and Function
Peritoneal Fluid Production
Gliding Surface
Host Defenses
Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis.
Physical Removal.
Functional Isolation of Waste by Omentum and Fibrin.
Peritoneal Repair
Diagnostic Procedures
Physical Examination
Peritoneal Imaging
Peritoneal Fluid
Fluid Collection.
Fluid Evaluation.
Cytology.
Special Chemistry Evaluation.
Disorders of the Peritoneum
Peritoneal Infection
Categories of Infectious Peritonitis.
Secondary peritonitis.
Tertiary peritonitis.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis.
Common Organisms in Cattle.
Treatment
Contamination—Stage 1.
Acute Diffuse Peritonitis—Stage 2 (for example, Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis).
Acute Adhesive Peritonitis—Stage 3 (for example, LDA with Perforating Ulcer).
Chronic Abscessing Peritonitis—Stage 4.
Prognosis
Noninfectious Diseases of the Peritoneum
Nonseptic Peritonitis
Uroperitoneum
Peritoneal Adhesions
Significance
Pathophysiology
Control and Treatment
Promotion.
Prevention.
Routine preventative measures.
Increased adhesion risk and value.
Potential tools.
Treatment.
Recommended Readings
15 Surgery of the Bovine Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal Examination in Cattle
History
Lameness Examination
Observation
Posture
Examination in Motion
Grading of Lameness
Limb Examination
Use of Selective Anesthesia
Examination of the Foot
Selected Diagnostic Tests
Recommended Readings
Treatment of Pathologic Diseases
Foot Including Digit Fractures
Toe Tip Necrosis
Vertical Crack
Amputation of the Accessory Digit (Dewclaw)
Interdigital Hyperplasia (Corn)
Fracture of the Distal Phalanx
Pedal Osteitis
Septic Arthritis of the DIP Joint
Digit Amputation
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint by the Solar Approach
Arthrodesis of the DIP Joint by a Dorsal Approach
Recommended Readings
Sepsis of the Common Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath
Tenosynovioscopic Lavage
Tenosynoviotomy with Resection of Affected Tissue
Recommended Reading
Septic Arthritis (Excluding Digit)
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antimicrobial Uses
Joint Lavage/Drainage
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Ligamentous Damage
Lacerations to or Adjacent to the Joints
Recommended Reading
Cranial cruciate rupture
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injury
Preoperative and Operative Preparation
Stifle Joint Imbrication
Surgical Procedure
Replacement of the CCL
Gluteobiceps Tendon as Replacement for the CCL
Synthetic Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Postoperative Care and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Damage to the Collateral Ligaments of the Stifle
Surgical Procedure
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Gastrocnemius Rupture
Recommended Readings
Suspensory Ligament (Interosseus Muscle) Injury
Recommended Readings
Luxations/Subluxations
Scapulohumeral Joint
Coxofemoral Joint
Dorsal Patella Luxation
Tarsocrural Joint Luxation
Recommended Readings
Internal Fixation
Selection of Patients for Internal Fixation
Special Considerations in Calves
Special Considerations in Adult Cattle
Evaluation of a Fracture for Internal Fixation Repair
Diagnostic Imaging
General Presurgical Considerations
Anesthesia
General Principles of Internal Fixation in Cattle
Positioning
Surgical Approach and Fracture Reduction
Implants and Techniques
Bone Plates
Screws
Intramedullary Pins and Interlocking Nails
Complications of Internal Fixation
Infection
Implant Failure or Migration
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
External Fixation
General Principles
Casting
Thomas Splint and Cast Combination
External Skeletal Fixation
Biomechanics of ESF
Clinical Application of an External Skeletal Fixator
TPC
Recommended Readings
Specific Fractures Sites
Fracture of the Scapula
Recommended Reading
Fractures of the Humerus
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approaches
Methods of Internal Fixation
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Radius/Ulna
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach to the Radius
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Fracture of the Ulna
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach to the Ulna
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure and Postoperative Care
Carpal and Tarsal Fractures
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Metatarsal/Metacarpal
Recommended Readings
Pelvic Fractures
Recommended Readings
Sacral Fracture
Recommended Readings
Slipped Capital Femoral Physis
Fracture of the Femoral Head
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Femoral Head Ostectomy
Recommended Readings
Fractures of the Femur
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Method of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Readings
Fracture of the Tibia
Clinical Presentation
Surgical Approach
Methods of Internal Repair
Surgical Site Closure
Postoperative Treatments and Complications
Recommended Reading
Bone Sequestrum
Occurrence and Etiology
Treatment
Postoperative Care
Recommended Readings
Farrier Hoof Support/ Management
Occurrence and Etiologies
Penetrating Injuries and Abscesses
Management of Penetrating Injuries/Abscess
Internal Diseases and Injuries
Support Needs (See Also the Section on Orthotics and Splints)
Recommended Readings
Considerations for the Use of Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Splints
Splints
Orthotics and Prosthesis
Casting and Measurements
16 Surgery of the Bovine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract
Applied Anatomy and Examination of the Reproductive Tract
Castration
Bilateral Orchidectomy
Castration of Calves and Small Ruminants
Unilateral Orchidectomy
Bloodless Castration
Postoperative Care
Complications
Testicular Biopsy
Surgical Management of Specific Conditions
Cryptorchidism/Testicular Anomaly
Scrotal Trauma
Inguinal/Scrotal Hernia
Surgical Repair of Indirect Inguinal Hernia— Flank Approach
Surgical Repair of Indirect Inguinal Hernia— Inguinal Approach
Direct Inguinal Hernia
Surgical Repair of Direct Inguinal Hernia— Inguinal Approach
Congenital Inguinal Hernia
Complications
Epididymectomy
Vasectomy
Surgery of the Accessory Glands
Seminal Vesiculectomy
Penile Surgery (for Urolithiasis See Chapter 23)
Examination of the Penis
Penile Hematoma
Deviations of the Penis
Treatment
Erection Failure
Penile Tumors
Penile Procedures for Teaser Bulls
Persistent Frenulum
Preputial Surgery
Relocation of the Prepuce and Penis
Preputial Avulsion
Preputial Hair Ring
Preputial Prolapse
Preputial Erosions
Preputial Abscess
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
Surgery of the Ovary
Surgical Approaches
Celiotomy
Colpotomy Approach
Outcome
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Uterus
Relevant Surgical Anatomy
Cesarean Section
Surgical Approach
Standing Paralumbar Fossa Celiotomy
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Paramedian Celiotomy
Ventrolateral Celiotomy
Left Oblique Celiotomy
Delivering the Calf
Uterine Torsion
Hydrops
Uterine Rupture
Uterine Abscesses and Adhesions
Partial Hysterectomy
Surgical Technique
Complete Ovariohysterectomy
Adult Cattle.
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Vagina
Urovagina
Management
Diagnosis
Surgical Correction
Transverse Fold Techniques
Urethral Tube Extension Techniques
Recommended Readings
Imperforate Hymen
Cystic Major Vestibular Glands
Dystocia Caused by Stenosis or Constriction of the Vulva and Vestibule
Surgical Conditions of the Postpartum Period
Hemorrhage into the Uterus or Vagina
Perivaginal Bleeding and Hematoma
Lacerations of the Vagina and Vulva
Vaginal and Cervical Prolapse
Treatment
Buhner Suture Placement
Cervicopexy and Vaginopexy
Uterine Prolapse and Eversion
Treatment
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Perineum
First- and Second-Degree Perineal Lacerations
Third-Degree Perineal Lacerations
One-Stage Repair (Modified Goetz)
Rectovaginal Fistula Repair
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Mammary Gland
Relevant Surgical Anatomy
Management of Chronic Mastitis
Chemical Destruction of the Mammary Gland
Mastectomy
Ligation of External Pudendal Artery
Udder Biopsy
Recommended Readings
Teat Surgery
Anatomy
Examination
Restraint, Anesthesia, and Preparation of the Surgical Field
Pathologies
Supernumerary Teats
Conjoined Teats
Pathologies Characterized by Reduced Milk Flow
(Partial) Agenesis of the Streak Canal
Tight Streak Canal
Obstruction in the Area of the Rosette of Furstenberg
Milk Stones
Obstructions in the Area of the Teat Cistern and/or the Annular Ring
Fibrosis of the Gland Sinus
Open Teat Lacerations
Surgical Correction of Teat Lacerations
Teat Fistula
Surgical Interventions
Teat Amputation
Thelotomy
Theloscopy
Implantation of Teat Prosthesis (Editors’ Addendum)
Postoperative Management
Complications
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Kidney
Anatomy
Unilateral Nephrectomy
Renal Biopsy
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Urinary Bladder and Ureters
Anatomy
Ruptured Urinary Bladder (Adult Cattle)
Eversion and Retroflexion of the Urinary Bladder
Surgery of the Ureters
Ureteral Calculi
Ectopic Ureters
Excretory Urography
Recommended Readings
Part III CALF
17 Surgery of the Calf Gastrointestinal System
Abomasal Disease
Abomasal Displacement
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical Management
Surgical Treatment
Abomasal Volvulus
Luminal Obstruction
Abomasal Ulceration
Diagnosis
Type I Ulcers
Type II Ulcers
Type III and IV Ulcers
Management
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Ruminal Distention in Calves
Clinical Findings
Rumen Fistula
Surgical Technique
Recommended Readings
Small-Intestinal Surgery in Calves
Recommended Readings
Cecal Intussusceptions
Occurrence
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Therapy and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Colon
Intussusception of the Spiral Colon
Luminal Obstruction of Spiral Colon
Atresia Coli
Occurrence and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Right-Flank Approach
Median Approach
Prognosis
Atresia Ani (Et Recti)
Occurrence and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Surgical Management and Prognosis
Recommended Readings
18 Surgery of the Calf Musculoskeletal System
Polydactyly
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Flexural and Hyperextension Deformities
Clinical Presentation and Management of Hyperextension Deformities
Clinical Presentation and Management of Flexural Deformities
Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Correction
Anatomic Considerations
Surgical Alternatives
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Angular and Rotational Limb Deformities
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Preoperative Measurements
Closing Wedge Osteotomy
Step-wise Osteotomy
Cylindrical (i.e., Dome) Osteotomy
Surgical Techniques
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Surgery of Septic Joints
Diagnosis
Treatment
Arthrodesis
Prognosis
Recommended Readings
Patellar Luxation
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Classification of Patellar Luxation
Management
Closure
Postoperative Care
Recommended Readings
Musculoskeletal System: Spastic Paresis (Elso Heel)
Surgical Treatment
Recommended Readings
19 Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Calf
Umbilicus
Umbilical Hernias/Masses
Uncomplicated Umbilical Hernias
Umbilical Hernias with Localized Abscesses/Subcutaneous Infection
Umbilical Hernias with Infection of the Umbilical Cord Remnants
Umbilical Abscesses/Chronic Omphalitis
Urachal Cysts/Ruptures
Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Complications
Recommended Readings
Otitis Media/Interna: Calves
Anatomical and Pathophysiological Considerations
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ventral Tympanic Bulla Osteotomy
Recommended Reading
Part IV SHEEP AND GOAT
20 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Integumentary System
Skinfold Ablation
Predator Attack
Tail Docking
Caprine Disbudding and Dehorning
Disbudding
Surgical Cosmetic Dehorning
Descenting Bucks
Lumps and Bumps of Sheep and Goats
Lymphadenopathy
Lesions Not Associated with Lymph Nodes
Head
Neck
Thorax, Abdomen, and Perineum
Recommended Readings
21 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Digestive System
Surgery of the Forestomach
Abomasal Surgery
Abomasotomy
Surgical Management of Intestinal Obstruction or Trauma
Exploratory Laparotomy
Rumen, Abomasal, and Esophageal Fistulization (Cannulization)
Surgical Procedure
Rectal Prolapse
Classification by Severity
Recommended Readings
22 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Musculoskeletal System
Patellar Luxation in Sheep and Goats
Surgical Approach
Lateral Capsule Imbrication
Tibial Tuberosity Transposition
Sulcoplasty
Postoperative Management
Summary
Recommended Readings
23 Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Anesthesia and Restraint
Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
Cesarean Section
Restraint and Anesthesia
The Ventral Abdominal Paramedian Approach
Left-Flank Laparotomy.
Ventral Midline Approach.
Postsurgical Complications and Fertility
Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariectomy
Complications of Laparoscopic Techniques in Small Ruminants
Surgical Embryo Collection
Recommended Readings
Surgery of the Male Reproductive and Urinary Tract
Castration
Cryptorchid Castration
Vasectomy
Epididymectomy
Translocation of the Penis
Recommended Readings
Urolithiasis
Preoperative Considerations
Potential Complications
Surgical Treatment
Urethral Surgery
General Considerations
Urethral Process Amputation
Urohydropulsion
Urinary Acidification
Penectomy (Penile Amputation)
Perineal Urethrostomy
Ischial Urethrostomy
Modified Proximal Perineal Urethrostomy
Ischial Urethrotomy
Urethrotomy
Surgery of the Urinary Bladder
General Considerations
Cystotomy
Tube Cystostomy
Bladder Marsupialization
Postoperative Care and Complications
Recommended Readings
24 Congenital Anomalies in the Sheep and Goat
Intersex
Cryptorchidism
Cleft Palate
Atresia Ani
Recommended Readings
Part V SWINE
25 Surgery of the Swine Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Tract
Abdominal Approaches and Body Wall Closure/Abdominal Exploration
Gastric Ulcers
Intestinal Obstruction
Atresia Ani
Rectal Stricture
Rectal Prolapse
Umbilical Hernia
Recommended Readings
26 Surgery of the Swine Musculoskeletal System
Foot Problems (Claw Lesions)
Osteitis and Osteomyelitis of the Digit
P3 Infection
Septic Interphalangeal Joints
Digit Amputation
Ankylosis of the Proximal or Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Recommended Readings
Fracture Repair
Specific Fractures
Fractures of the Humerus
Fractures of the Tibia/Fibula
Femoral Fractures
Recommended Readings
27 Surgery of the Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Surgery of the Male Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Castration
Unilateral Castration
Cryptorchid Castration
Inguinal Hernia
Preparation of Teaser Boars
Prolapsed Penis
Persistent Frenulum
Preputial Prolapse
Resection of Preputial Diverticulum
Surgery of the Female Swine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract
Vaginal Prolapse
Bladder Displacement or Retroversion
Ovariectomy
Ovariohysterectomy
Ovariectomy for Sterilization of Pet Pigs
Choice of Procedure: Laparoscopic Ovariectomy vs. Open Ovariectomy or Ovariohysterectomy
Technique for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy
Open Ovariectomy or Ovariohysterectomy
Cesarean Section
Uterine Prolapse
Mastectomy
Recommended Readings
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
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