دانلود کتاب Fundamentals of Ontological Commitment

Preface\nContents\nPart I: The Task and Scope of Ontology\n 1 Ontology as a Philosophical Discipline\n 1.1 The Idea of Inventory\n 1.2 A Typological Characterization\n 1.3 Applied Ontology\n 2 Ontology in Its Different Varieties\n 2.1 Formal Ontology\n 2.2 Regional Ontology\n 2.3 Ontology and Meta-ontology\n 3 Logical Tools for Ontological Analysis\n 3.1 Consistency\n 3.2 Thought Experiments\n 3.3 Quantifiers\n 3.4 The Existential Import of Quantication\n 3.5 The Meaning of “Being”\n 4 Mereological Tools of Ontological Analysis\n 4.1 Parts and Proper Parts\n 4.2 Atoms and Wholes\n 4.3 Universe\n 4.4 Atomless Universe\nPart II: Ontological Categories\n 5 Categories as Uppermost Kinds\n 5.1 A Simplied Universe\n 5.2 The Diairetic Procedure\n 6 Categorial Realism\n 6.1 Two Kinds of Predication\n 6.2 Substance and Accident\n 6.3 Kinds and Species\n 6.4 Properties of Substance\n 7 Modalities\n 7.1 Four Modes of Being\n 7.2 De dicto and De re Modality\n 7.3 Possible Worlds\n 7.4 The Ontology of Possible Worlds\n 8 Categorial Conceptualism\n 8.1 Categories as Uppermost Concepts\n 8.2 Schematized Categories\n 8.3 Meanings and Objects\n 9 Parts and Wholes\n 9.1 Essentialism\n 9.2 Universalism\n 9.3 Nihilism\n 10 Natural Kinds and Ordering Strategies\n 10.1 Examples\n 10.2 Categorial Relativity\n 10.3 Categorial Frameworks\nPart III: The Nature of Existence\n 11 Non-being\n 11.1 The Impossibility of Non-being\n 11.2 Being Dierently\n 11.3 A Case for Ontological Disagreement\n 12 Being and Existence\n 12.1 Nuclear and Extra-Nuclear Properties\n 12.2 Objections\n 12.3 Possible Objects\n 13 Ontological Commitment\n 13.1 Existence and Quantication\n 13.2 Real and Unreal Individuals\n 13.3 A Suggestion from Semantics\n 13.4 Ontological Questions as Quanticational Questions\n 13.5 Applications and Challenges\n 14 Identity\n 14.1 Indiscernibility of the Identicals\n 14.2 Identity of Indiscernibles\n 14.3 Identication of Indiscernibles\nPart IV: Ontological Proofs\n 15 The Existence of God\n 15.1 The Classical Ontological Proof\n 15.2 Existence as a Positive Predicate (I)\n 15.3 The Meaning of “God”\n 15.4 A Formalization of the Ontological Proof\n 15.5 Informal Evaluation of the Proof\n 16 God as an A Priori Idea\n 16.1 Existence as Implied by a Concept’s Origin\n 16.2 God as a Guarantee for Itself\n 16.3 Possibility and Actuality of God\n 17 Gödel’s Proof\n 17.1 Existence as a Positive Predicate (II)\n 17.2 The Proof\n 17.3 Remarks on the Proof\nPart V: Kinds of Being\n 18 Three Classical Views about Universals\n 18.1 Realism\n 18.2 Challenges to Realism\n 18.3 Conceptualism\n 18.4 Challenges to Conceptualism\n 18.5 Nominalism\n 18.6 Challenges to Nominalism\n 19 The Standard Approaches to Concrete Entities\n 19.1 Two Thought Experiments\n 19.2 Three-dimensional Entities\n 19.3 Tropes\n 19.4 Entia Successiva\n 19.5 Four-dimensional Entities\n 20 The Ontological Import of Mathematics\n 20.1 No Mathematical Entities\n 20.2 Naturalism\n 20.3 Platonism\n 20.4 Constructivism\n 21 Elements of Social Ontology\n 21.1 Ontological Commitment in Ordinary Language\n 21.2 Moderate Realism: Brute and Institutional Facts\n 21.3 Moderate Realism: Assignment of Function\n 21.4 An Ontological Underpinning\nRelativism and Ontological Relativity\nBibliography\nIndex