فهرست مطالب
About this Book
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Introductory Module
Chapter 1 Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory
1.1 Linking Ideas in the Mind
William James and Memory Networks
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top 10 Tips for a Better Memory
Ivan Pavlov’s Conditioning Studies
Edward Thorndike and the Law of Effect
1.2 Nature Versus Nurture
Descartes and Dualism
John Locke and the Blank Slate
John Watson’s Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
1.3 Comparing Humans to Other Animals
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
The Neo-Behaviorism of Edward Tolman
1.4 Formal Models and Universal Laws
Hermann Ebbinghaus and Human Memory Experiments
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: What If You Could Form No New Memories?
Clark Hull and Mathematical Models of Learning
W. K. Estes and Mathematical Psychology
George Miller and Information Theory
The Connectionist Models of David Rumelhart
Synthesis
Chapter 1 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 2 The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top Five Tips for Faster Forgetting
2.1 Structural Plasticity in Nervous Systems
Brains
How Experience Changes Brain Structure
2.2 Functional Properties of Learning and Memory Systems
What Brains Do
How Remembering Changes Brain Activity
2.3 Finding and Manipulating Memories
Looking for Memories
How Researchers Change Brain Activity
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can a Pill Improve Your Memory?
Synthesis
Chapter 2 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Learning Module
Chapter 3 Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events
3.1 Behavioral Processes
Recognizing and Responding to Repetition
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sex on the Beach
The What and Where of Learning from Exposure
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Unconscious Racial Bias
3.2 Brain Substrates
An Invertebrate Model System
Perceptual Learning and Cortical Plasticity
Hippocampal Involvement in Spatial Learning and Familiarity
3.3 Clinical Perspectives
Rehabilitation After Stroke: Habituation Gone Awry
Sensitization to Stress in Anxiety and Depression
Human–Machine Interfaces: Regaining Sensory Modalities Through Perceptual Learning
Synthesis
Chapter 3 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 4 Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Significant Events
4.1 Behavioral Processes
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
Refining the Basic Principles
Error Correction and the Modulation of US Processing
Stimulus Attention and the Modulation of CS Processing
Other Determinants of Conditioning
4.2 Brain Substrates
Conditioning of Motor Reflexes in the Mammalian Brain
Invertebrates and the Cellular Basis of Learning
4.3 Clinical Perspectives
Tolerance to Addictive Drugs
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extinguishing a Drug Habit
Reducing the Need for Medication or Reducing Its Side Effects
Synthesis
Chapter 4 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 5 Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
5.1 Behavioral Processes
The “Discovery” of Operant Conditioning
Learning About Stimuli and Responses
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Drug-Detecting Dogs
Learning About Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Problem with Punishment
Putting It All Together: Building the SD ➔ R ➔ O Association
Choice Behavior
5.2 Brain Substrates
The Dorsal Striatum and Stimulus–Response (SD ➔ R) Learning
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Learning to Predict Outcomes
Mechanisms of Reinforcement Signaling in the Brain
Punishment Signaling in the Brain
5.3 Clinical Perspectives
Drug Addiction
Behavioral Addiction
Treatments for Addiction
Synthesis
Chapter 5 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 6 Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation
6.1 Behavioral Processes
Generalization: When Similar Stimuli Predict Similar Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Does Amazon.com Know What You Want to Buy Next?
Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control: When Similar Stimuli Predict Different Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sleep Better Through Stimulus Control
Beyond Similarity
Concept Formation, Category Learning, and Prototypes
Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Racism in Generalizations About Other People
6.2 Brain Substrates
Cortical Representations and Generalization
Generalization and the Hippocampal Region
6.3 Clinical Perspectives
Generalization Deficits in Schizophrenia
Altered Generalization in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 6 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Memory Module
Chapter 7 Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory: Memory for Events and for Facts
7.1 Behavioral Processes
Features of Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory
Encoding New Memories
Retrieving Existing Memories
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extraordinary Memorizers
When Memory Fails
Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation
Metamemory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Optimize Your Study Habits
7.2 Brain Substrates
Cortical Networks for Semantic Memory
The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Storage
Determining What Gets Stored
Long-Term Storage and Retrieval
7.3 Clinical Perspectives
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Cost of Concussion
Transient Global Amnesia
Functional Amnesia
Synthesis
Chapter 7 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 8 Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
8.1 Behavioral Processes
Features of Skill Memories
Encoding New Memories
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Some Cognitive Skills Easier for Men Than for Women?
Retrieving Existing Memories
When Memory Fails
8.2 Brain Substrates
The Basal Ganglia and Skill Learning
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Video Games Good for the Brain?
Cortical Representations of Skills
The Cerebellum and Timing
8.3 Clinical Perspectives
Parkinson’s Disease
Human–Machine Interfaces: Learning to Consciously Control Artificial Limbs
Synthesis
Chapter 8 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 9 Working Memory and Cognitive Control
9.1 Behavioral Processes
Transient Memories
Working Memory
Cognitive Control
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Give Your Working Memory a Break
9.2 Brain Substrates
Frontal-Lobe Anatomy and Consequences of Frontal-Lobe Damage
Studies of Frontal Brain Activity During Working-Memory Tasks
Mapping Executive Processing and Working Memory onto PFC Anatomy
Prefrontal Control of Long-Term Declarative Memory
9.3 Clinical Perspectives
The Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 9 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Integrative Topics Module
Chapter 10 Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
10.1 Behavioral Processes
What Is Emotion?
Assessing Emotion in Nonhuman Animals
Learning About Emotion-Evoking Stimuli: Focus on Fear
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: “Immunizing” Against Learned Helplessness
Memory for Emotional Events
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Truth or Consequences
10.2 Brain Substrates
Emotional Learning in the Brain
Conscious Feelings and the Frontal Lobes
Emotional Memory in the Brain
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Much Stress Is Too Much?
10.3 Clinical Perspectives
Phobias
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 10 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 11 Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting
11.1 Behavioral Processes
Copying What Is Seen
Copying What Is Heard
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Karaoke
Social Transmission of Information
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Learning What to Like from Super Bowl Ads
11.2 Brain Substrates
Identifying Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons in Songbirds
11.3 Clinical Perspectives
Imitative Deficits After Stroke
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 11 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 12 Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan
12.1 Behavioral Processes
The Developing Memory: Infancy Through Childhood
Sensitive Periods for Early Learning
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Teaching Babies Signs Before Speech
Adolescence: Crossing from Childhood into Adulthood
The Aging Memory: Adulthood Through Old Age
12.2 Brain Substrates
The Genetic Blueprint Is Modified by Experience
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical Music Make Babies Smarter?
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
Brain Changes in Adolescence
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
12.3 Clinical Perspectives
Down Syndrome
Alzheimer’s Disease
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Mental Exercise Protect Against Alzheimer’s Disease?
A Connection Between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease
Synthesis
Chapter 12 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Back Cover
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Introductory Module
Chapter 1 Fundamental Themes in the Psychology of Learning and Memory
1.1 Linking Ideas in the Mind
William James and Memory Networks
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top 10 Tips for a Better Memory
Ivan Pavlov’s Conditioning Studies
Edward Thorndike and the Law of Effect
1.2 Nature Versus Nurture
Descartes and Dualism
John Locke and the Blank Slate
John Watson’s Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
1.3 Comparing Humans to Other Animals
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
The Neo-Behaviorism of Edward Tolman
1.4 Formal Models and Universal Laws
Hermann Ebbinghaus and Human Memory Experiments
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: What If You Could Form No New Memories?
Clark Hull and Mathematical Models of Learning
W. K. Estes and Mathematical Psychology
George Miller and Information Theory
The Connectionist Models of David Rumelhart
Synthesis
Chapter 1 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 2 The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top Five Tips for Faster Forgetting
2.1 Structural Plasticity in Nervous Systems
Brains
How Experience Changes Brain Structure
2.2 Functional Properties of Learning and Memory Systems
What Brains Do
How Remembering Changes Brain Activity
2.3 Finding and Manipulating Memories
Looking for Memories
How Researchers Change Brain Activity
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can a Pill Improve Your Memory?
Synthesis
Chapter 2 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Learning Module
Chapter 3 Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events
3.1 Behavioral Processes
Recognizing and Responding to Repetition
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sex on the Beach
The What and Where of Learning from Exposure
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Unconscious Racial Bias
3.2 Brain Substrates
An Invertebrate Model System
Perceptual Learning and Cortical Plasticity
Hippocampal Involvement in Spatial Learning and Familiarity
3.3 Clinical Perspectives
Rehabilitation After Stroke: Habituation Gone Awry
Sensitization to Stress in Anxiety and Depression
Human–Machine Interfaces: Regaining Sensory Modalities Through Perceptual Learning
Synthesis
Chapter 3 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 4 Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Significant Events
4.1 Behavioral Processes
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
Refining the Basic Principles
Error Correction and the Modulation of US Processing
Stimulus Attention and the Modulation of CS Processing
Other Determinants of Conditioning
4.2 Brain Substrates
Conditioning of Motor Reflexes in the Mammalian Brain
Invertebrates and the Cellular Basis of Learning
4.3 Clinical Perspectives
Tolerance to Addictive Drugs
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extinguishing a Drug Habit
Reducing the Need for Medication or Reducing Its Side Effects
Synthesis
Chapter 4 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 5 Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
5.1 Behavioral Processes
The “Discovery” of Operant Conditioning
Learning About Stimuli and Responses
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Drug-Detecting Dogs
Learning About Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Problem with Punishment
Putting It All Together: Building the SD ➔ R ➔ O Association
Choice Behavior
5.2 Brain Substrates
The Dorsal Striatum and Stimulus–Response (SD ➔ R) Learning
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Learning to Predict Outcomes
Mechanisms of Reinforcement Signaling in the Brain
Punishment Signaling in the Brain
5.3 Clinical Perspectives
Drug Addiction
Behavioral Addiction
Treatments for Addiction
Synthesis
Chapter 5 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 6 Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation
6.1 Behavioral Processes
Generalization: When Similar Stimuli Predict Similar Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Does Amazon.com Know What You Want to Buy Next?
Discrimination Learning and Stimulus Control: When Similar Stimuli Predict Different Outcomes
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sleep Better Through Stimulus Control
Beyond Similarity
Concept Formation, Category Learning, and Prototypes
Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Racism in Generalizations About Other People
6.2 Brain Substrates
Cortical Representations and Generalization
Generalization and the Hippocampal Region
6.3 Clinical Perspectives
Generalization Deficits in Schizophrenia
Altered Generalization in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 6 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Memory Module
Chapter 7 Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory: Memory for Events and for Facts
7.1 Behavioral Processes
Features of Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory
Encoding New Memories
Retrieving Existing Memories
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Extraordinary Memorizers
When Memory Fails
Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation
Metamemory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Optimize Your Study Habits
7.2 Brain Substrates
Cortical Networks for Semantic Memory
The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Storage
Determining What Gets Stored
Long-Term Storage and Retrieval
7.3 Clinical Perspectives
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Cost of Concussion
Transient Global Amnesia
Functional Amnesia
Synthesis
Chapter 7 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 8 Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
8.1 Behavioral Processes
Features of Skill Memories
Encoding New Memories
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Some Cognitive Skills Easier for Men Than for Women?
Retrieving Existing Memories
When Memory Fails
8.2 Brain Substrates
The Basal Ganglia and Skill Learning
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Video Games Good for the Brain?
Cortical Representations of Skills
The Cerebellum and Timing
8.3 Clinical Perspectives
Parkinson’s Disease
Human–Machine Interfaces: Learning to Consciously Control Artificial Limbs
Synthesis
Chapter 8 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 9 Working Memory and Cognitive Control
9.1 Behavioral Processes
Transient Memories
Working Memory
Cognitive Control
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Give Your Working Memory a Break
9.2 Brain Substrates
Frontal-Lobe Anatomy and Consequences of Frontal-Lobe Damage
Studies of Frontal Brain Activity During Working-Memory Tasks
Mapping Executive Processing and Working Memory onto PFC Anatomy
Prefrontal Control of Long-Term Declarative Memory
9.3 Clinical Perspectives
The Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 9 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Integrative Topics Module
Chapter 10 Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
10.1 Behavioral Processes
What Is Emotion?
Assessing Emotion in Nonhuman Animals
Learning About Emotion-Evoking Stimuli: Focus on Fear
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: “Immunizing” Against Learned Helplessness
Memory for Emotional Events
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Truth or Consequences
10.2 Brain Substrates
Emotional Learning in the Brain
Conscious Feelings and the Frontal Lobes
Emotional Memory in the Brain
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: How Much Stress Is Too Much?
10.3 Clinical Perspectives
Phobias
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 10 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 11 Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting
11.1 Behavioral Processes
Copying What Is Seen
Copying What Is Heard
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Karaoke
Social Transmission of Information
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Learning What to Like from Super Bowl Ads
11.2 Brain Substrates
Identifying Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons in Songbirds
11.3 Clinical Perspectives
Imitative Deficits After Stroke
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Synthesis
Chapter 11 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 12 Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan
12.1 Behavioral Processes
The Developing Memory: Infancy Through Childhood
Sensitive Periods for Early Learning
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Teaching Babies Signs Before Speech
Adolescence: Crossing from Childhood into Adulthood
The Aging Memory: Adulthood Through Old Age
12.2 Brain Substrates
The Genetic Blueprint Is Modified by Experience
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical Music Make Babies Smarter?
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
Brain Changes in Adolescence
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
12.3 Clinical Perspectives
Down Syndrome
Alzheimer’s Disease
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Mental Exercise Protect Against Alzheimer’s Disease?
A Connection Between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease
Synthesis
Chapter 12 Review
Know Your Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Concept Check
Answers to Test Your Knowledge
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Back Cover
