فهرست مطالب
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editor
Part I: Theoretical Aspects
Chapter 1: Socioecology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Socioecological System
1.3 Sustainability of the Socioecological Systems
1.4 Background
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Beyond Paradigms: Socio-ecology’s Heritage and Prospective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Social Ecology
2.2.1 Conceptual Social Ecology
2.3 Social Ecology Paradigms, Social Learning, and Governance
2.3.1 Social Learning Processes
2.3.2 Social Learning and Governance
2.3.3 Dimensions of Governance
2.3.4 Social Learning, Governance, and Resilience
2.4 Social Ecology Prospective
References
Chapter 3: Effective Ecological Sustainability as a Complex System from a Social Dimension
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Complexity and the Study of Sustainability as a System
3.3 The Study of Sustainability as a Complex System
3.4 Conclusions
3.4.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 4: In Search of Long-Term Conservation: Objectives, Effectiveness, and Participation Schemes in Protected Areas
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Protected Areas
4.1.2 Environmental Value System
4.2 Hard Statism
4.2.1 Environmental Value System, 1917–1970s
4.2.2 Mechanisms of Participation and Governance
4.2.3 Effectiveness
4.3 Flexible Statism
4.3.1 Environmental Value System, 1980–2000
4.3.2 Mechanisms of Participation
4.3.2.1 National PA Council
4.3.2.2 Advisory PA Council
4.3.3 Effectiveness
4.3.3.1 Biological and Social Outcomes
4.3.3.2 Management Effectiveness
4.4 Anti-statism, 2000–Current
4.4.1 Environmental Value System
4.4.2 Mechanisms of Participation
4.4.3 Effectiveness
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
4.6.1 Lessons Learned
4.6.1.1 Environmental Value System
4.6.2 Participation
4.6.3 Effectiveness
References
Chapter 5: Changing the Paradigm for Better Conservation: Conceptual Proposals from the Environmental Humanities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief Historical Review of the Context in Which the Neoliberal Conservation Paradigm Arose
5.3 Proposals for a Conceptual Base of a New Paradigm to Conserve Life
5.3.1 The Ethics of Biocultural Memory
5.3.2 Political-Ecological Paradigms Centered in the (Re)valuing and Defense of Territories and the Theory of “Place”
5.3.3 Alternative Forms of Production That Respect Ecosystemic Bases
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Inclusion of the Human Factor in Protected Natural Areas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Knowledge of the Biosphere Reserve of Petenes and the Link Between the Authorities and the Community of Tankuché
6.3.2 Perceptions About the Changes in the Use of Natural Resources and the Benefits Derived from It
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Uncontrolled Urban Growth: The Crisis of Protected Natural Areas Near Cities in Mexico
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Urban Growth and Resource Deterioration
7.3 When the Law Unprotects
7.4 Pressures of Construction Companies in Mexican PNAs
7.5 Lesson Learned
References
Chapter 8: Dynamic Simulation Models and Participatory Approaches to Support the Sustainable Management of Social-Ecological Systems in Natural Protected Areas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 System Dynamics and Computational Models as a Methodological Approach
8.2.1 Conceptualization: Building a Qualitative Model of SESs
8.2.2 Quantitative Modeling
8.2.3 Exploring Management Scenarios
8.3 Social Research Techniques and Participatory Processes in the Study of SESs
8.4 Final Remarks and Lessons Learned
References
Part II: Methodological Aspects
Chapter 9: The Payment of Environmental Services as an Economic and Governance Mechanism for the Conservation and Management of Natural Protected Areas
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Conceptualising Ecosystem Services and Environmental Services
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results
9.3.1 The International Context of PES
9.3.2 PES in Mexico
9.3.2.1 Payment for Environmental Services
9.3.2.2 Natural Protected Areas and PES
9.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: An Integrated Dynamic Model for Beach Zoning in Natural Protected Areas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Framework and Model Design Principles
10.2.1 General Framework
10.2.2 Model Design Principles
10.3 Methodology and Study Area
10.3.1 Module 1: Beach Form and Characteristics
10.3.2 Module 2: Definition of Study Variables
10.3.3 Module 3: Interaction Matrix
10.3.4 Module 4: Zoning Criteria
10.3.5 Modules 5 and 6: Proposed Scenarios and Selected Scenario
10.3.6 Study Area
10.4 Results
10.4.1 Beach Morphology 2DV and 2DH
10.4.2 Construction of the Variables and Interaction Matrix
10.4.3 The Proposed Zoning Schemes
10.5 Conclusions
10.5.1 General Conclusions
10.5.2 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 11: Managing the Galapagos National Park: A Systemic Approach Based on Socio-ecological Modeling and Sustainability Indicators
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Integrated Tools to Socio-ecological Systems Sustainability
11.1.2 The Socio-ecological System of the Galapagos Islands
11.2 Methodological Approach
11.2.1 General Framework
11.2.2 Indicators as a Tool for a Systemic Perspective: The IDIS Approach
11.2.2.1 The IDIS Hierarchical Approach
11.2.2.2 Sustainability Thresholds
11.2.3 System Dynamic Model
11.2.4 Assessment of Policies, Scenarios, and Vulnerability
11.2.5 Procedure to Assist Decisions for Sustainability
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Application of the IDIS Approach to Develop the SIAG (Galapagos Water Indicators System)
11.3.1.1 Synthetic Diagnosis of Water Problems
11.3.1.2 Application of the SIAG to Santa Cruz Island
11.3.1.3 Sustainability Indicators as a Tool to Manage Protected Sites
11.3.2 Socio-environment Systems Model for the Galapagos: A Linkage Between Tourism, Biodiversity, and Infrastructure
11.3.2.1 Overview
11.3.2.2 Methods
11.3.2.3 Model Implementation
11.3.2.4 Results of the Galapagos SDM
11.4 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 12: Local Stakeholders’ Perception as a Contribution to the Identification of Negative Impacts on Protected Areas: A Case Study of Torres del Paine National Park
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Tourism’s Impacts on Protected Areas
12.1.2 Participatory Tourism’s Planning Processes in Protected Areas
12.2 Area of Study: Mountain Circuits in TPNP
12.3 Methodology to Identify Perception of Negative Impacts Generated by the Tourism Activity in Torres del Paine National Park
12.3.1 Stakeholders’ Identification
12.3.2 Participatory Strategies’ Implementation
12.3.2.1 Participatory Workshops
12.3.2.2 Stakeholder Perception Questionnaire
12.3.2.3 Meetings and Presentations
12.3.3 Stakeholders’ Perception Analysis
12.3.3.1 Perception Analysis by Type of Stakeholder
12.3.3.2 Identification of Critical Points (CPs)
12.3.4 Decision-Making Information
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Stakeholders’ Identification
12.4.2 Implementation of Participatory Strategies
12.4.3 Stakeholder’ Perception Analysis
12.4.3.1 Perception by Type of Stakeholder
12.4.3.2 Critical Points’ Perception (CPs)
12.4.3.3 Cartography Generation with Critical Points
12.4.3.4 Information for Decision-Making
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 13: ICZM Strategy for the Socioecological System of the Mar Menor (Spain): Methodological Aspects and Public Participation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Objective, Conceptual Framework, Method and Sources of Information
13.3 Results
13.3.1 Background and Institutional Arrangements of the Mar Menor Strategy
13.4 Analysis, Diagnosis and Operational Bases (of the Mar Menor and Its Surroundings)
13.5 Analysis, Diagnosis and Strategic Bases (of the Management Model): The Decalogue
13.6 The Participative Process
13.7 Proposals for the Formulation of the Strategy
13.8 Lessons Learned
13.8.1 Background Information Such as Previous Agreements and the Formulation Process of the Strategy Were Developed in a Political-Technical Framework. The ICZM Is Not an Exclusively Technical-Scientific Discipline
13.8.2 New Conceptual Approaches to the Field of Study Could Be Employed Due to the Thorough Explanation to Officials from Other Departments, Political-Administrative Authorities and Participants
13.8.3 It Is Necessary to Clearly Focus on the Institutional Management Model When Working with ICZM. A Concise Outline Is the Best Way to Address It
13.8.4 An Adequate and Flexible Participatory Process Strengthens the Instrument That Is Being Formulated
13.8.5 For the Formulation of the Proposals, it Was Beneficial to Insist on a Method That Took into Account: The Philosophy of the Project, a Sequential or Chained Character of Reasoning, and the Socioecological Context
13.8.6 The Process of Institutionalisation Teaches Us That a Strategy Can Advance Even Without Being Officially Approved by an Institution
13.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Training for Aquaculture and Fishery Activities for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
14.1 Introduction: Natural Protected Areas in Cuba and Aquaculture Development
14.2 The Governance in Natural Protected Areas and Contribution of the Fisheries Sector to Biodiversity Protection
14.2.1 Contribution of the Fishing Sector to Conservation and Protection of Fishing Resources and Marine Biodiversity: Emphasis on the North-Central Shelf of Cuba
14.3 Aquaculture Training as an Alternative to Sustainable Fishing and Biodiversity Protection
14.3.1 Sponge Culture in the Protected Natural Area “Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo”
14.3.2 Oyster Culture in the Protected Natural Area “Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo”
14.4 Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo Protected Natural Area. Case Study
14.4.1 Geographic and Environmental Characteristics
14.4.2 Biodiversity
14.4.3 Pressures and Threats
14.4.4 Legal Framework and Conflicts
14.4.5 Socioeconomic Characterization of the Area and Its Environment
14.4.6 Socioeconomic Problems in the Protected Natural Area and Its Environment
14.4.7 Current Management Problems and Concerns
14.5 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 15: Applying Epistemic Approach to Analyze Bio-intercultural Relationships Among Local Indigenous People and Nature
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Mesoamerican Civilization and Its Relation with the Natural World
15.1.2 The Andean Civilization and Its Relation with the Natural World
15.1.3 Andean Philosophical Approach: Is Buen vivir the Same as Sumak Kawsay?
15.2 Biocultural Conservation: Epistemic Diversity and Ecosystemic Biodiversity
15.2.1 Relationship Between the Local Native Inhabitants of NPA with Nature and Environmental Conservation
15.2.1.1 Indigenous Peoples, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and Biocultural Conservation
15.2.2 Indigenous Worldview of Interrelation with Nature
15.2.3 Biocultural Perspective to Conservancy and Inhabit Nature from the Approach of Buen vivir
15.2.4 Guiding Methodological Elements with the Philosophical Approach of Buen vivir for Biocultural Conservation
15.3 Conclusion
References
Part III: Social Groups and Ecological Knowledge
Chapter 16: Sociocultural and Environmental Interactions Between People and Wild Edible Plants: The Case of Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve
16.1 Biological and Social Contexts of Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve
16.2 The Importance of Wild Edible Plants in the World
16.3 Methodology
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Wild Edible Plants in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra la Laguna
16.4.2 Sociocultural and Environmental Implications
16.5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 17: Hunting in the Yucatan Peninsula: Knowledge and Worldviews
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hunting Methods
17.3 From Death to Intake: Food Preparation
17.4 Types of Contemporary Hunting in the Yucatan Peninsula
17.5 Rituals Around the Hunt
17.6 Myths and Legends
17.7 Final Comments
References
Chapter 18: The Nagoya Protocol, Intellectual Property, and Biodiversity Conservation in Mexico
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background
18.3 Evolution of the Rights of Plant Breeders and the Catalog of Plant Varieties in Mexico
18.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Social Participation for Implementation of Camera Traps Projects in Managed and Protected Natural Areas of Mexico
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.2.1 Protected Natural Areas in Mexico
19.2.2 Managed “Unprotected” Areas, Used for Natural Resources Production
19.2.3 Use of Camera Traps in Mexico: Research
19.2.4 The Role of Hunters in Northern Mexico
19.2.5 Accompaniment: Government Institutions and Technical Service Providers
19.2.6 An Example of Organization in Western Mexico
19.3 Study Cases
19.4 Conclusion: A Methodological Proposal to Reach Appropriation and Empowerment by Communities
References
Chapter 20: Socioenvironmental Affectation of Coffee Production Activity in Tributaries of La Suiza River at El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Description of the Study Area
20.3 Materials and Methods
20.4 Analyses and Discussion of Results
20.4.1 Qualitative Analysis
20.4.2 Quantitative Analyses
20.5 Conclusion
20.6 Lessons Learned
Bibliography
Part IV: Biodiversity Conservation Success from Socio-Ecological Approach
Chapter 21: Resistance of the Civil Society Against Mining Projects
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Mining in Contemporary Mexico
21.3 Social Movements Against Mining
21.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Visions of the Future in the Oases of Baja California Sur, Mexico
22.1 Wetlands of Baja California: Foundations of the Baja California Oases
22.2 The Oases: Traditional Social-Ecological Systems of Baja California Sur
22.3 Regional Problem and Expectations of Change
22.4 Pilot Case: The Oasis of Comondú
22.5 Visions of Future
22.5.1 Environmental Units: State and Associated Community Organization Structures (COS)
22.5.2 Visions of the Future for the Oasis of Los Comondú
22.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 23: The Challenge of the Science of Sustainability in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of the UMA “Wotoch Aayin” in the Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve, Campeche
23.1 The Science of Sustainability: Where Are We?
23.2 Sustainable Science and Ecosystem Services in National Protected Areas
23.2.1 The New Policy of Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Mexico
23.3 Recovery of the Moreletti Crocodile and ANP Conservation: How Can Progress Be Sustained?
23.4 The Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve
23.4.1 Mangroves in Mexico
23.4.2 The Problem
23.5 Case Study: The Experience of the Environmental Management Unit “Wotoch Aayin SC de RL de CV”
23.5.1 The Rural Family Enterprise and Conservation of the Coastal Ecosystem
23.5.2 History of the Wotoch Aayin Cooperative
23.5.3 Results of Adoption of These Innovations
23.5.4 Replication and Current Challenges
23.5.5 Threats
23.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Results of Socio-ecosystem Institutional Management: Analysis of Two Protected Natural Areas of Central México
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Methodology
24.3 Results
24.3.1 Historical Background and Biological Importance of the Protected Natural Areas Selected
24.3.1.1 El Chico National Park (ECHNP)
24.3.1.2 Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (BMBR)
24.3.2 Management of the Selected Protected National Areas
24.3.2.1 The Management of the El Chico National Park (ECHNP)
24.3.2.2 Management of Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (BMBR)
24.3.3 Perception of the Inhabitants About the Protected Natural Areas
24.3.3.1 Inhabitants from Mineral El Chico Municipality
24.3.3.2 Inhabitants from Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve
24.3.4 Local Tourism Entrepreneurs and Ecotourism Agencies in El Chico National Park
24.3.5 Wildlife and Environmental Management Units (UMA) in the Biosphere Reserve Barranca de Metztitlán (BMBR)
24.3.6 Perception of Visitors About El Chico National Park
24.4 Discussion and Conclusions
24.5 Lessons Learned
References
Part V: Community Well Living Improvement from Ecological Conservation
Chapter 25: Economic Valuation of Diving with Bull Sharks in Natural Conditions: A Recent Activity in Cabo Pulmo National Park, Gulf of California, Mexico
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods
25.2.1 Travel Cost Method (TCM)
25.2.2 Demand Model Construction
25.3 Results
25.3.1 Tourist Profile
25.3.1.1 Gender
25.3.1.2 Nationality
25.3.1.3 Occupation
25.3.2 General Aspects of Diving with Bull Sharks at Cabo Pulmo National Park
25.3.2.1 Assessment of General Diving Quality in Cabo Pulmo National Park Given by Tourists Who Visited the Park in 2016
25.3.2.2 Number of Shark Sightings per Person During the Dive
25.3.2.3 Favorite Animal for Sightings During Dives
25.3.3 Demand for the Activity
25.3.3.1 First Shark Dive Encounter
25.3.3.2 Days of Stay
25.3.3.3 Diving with Sharks as the Main Reason to Visit CPNP
25.3.4 Other Aspects
25.3.4.1 Other Activities to Be Carried Out in PNPC
25.3.4.2 Support for Implementation of Regulations with Conservation Routes
25.3.4.3 Changing Tourist Perception of Sharks After the Bull Shark Diving Experience
25.3.4.4 Attitude Toward the Implementation of Chumming (Organic Attractant) During Dives with Bull Shark at CPNP
25.3.5 Economic Valuation by Cost of Travel Method (CTM)
25.3.5.1 Annual Income Level per Person
25.3.5.2 Econometric Model
25.3.5.3 Consumer Surplus or Willingness to Pay to Access the Activity
25.4 Discussion
25.4.1 Tourist Characterization
25.4.2 Demand
25.4.3 Economic Valuation by the Cost of Travel Method (MCV)
25.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Socio-ecological Effects of Government and Community Collaborative Work with Local Development in a Natural Protected Area
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Background
26.3 Collaboration Strategies and Collective Action
26.4 The Protected Natural Area of El Verde Camacho Sanctuary
26.5 Community of El Recreo and the Ecotourism Cooperative
26.6 Materials and Methods
26.7 Results
26.7.1 Social and Economic Welfare
26.7.2 The Ecotourism Cooperative as a Local Development Strategy
26.7.3 Visitor Reception
26.7.4 The Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the PNA
26.7.5 Government Strategies for the Conservation of the PNA and Local Development
26.8 Conclusions
26.8.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 27: Integration of Resident Fisherfolk Communities in Marine Protected Areas by Social Micro-entrepreneurships of Mariculture: A Case Study at La Paz Bay, South Baja California, Mexico
27.1 Framework of the Case Study
27.2 Description of the Study Area
27.2.1 La Paz Bay Presentation
27.2.2 Status of Balandra-Merito
27.3 Influence of the MPA Balandra-Merito in the Mexican Mariculture
27.3.1 Timeline Overview
27.3.2 Mariculture into the MPA Precint: What Works?
27.4 Final Reflections
References
Chapter 28: Community Water Management and Conservation in Cabo Pulmo National Park (Baja California Sur, Mexico)
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Water: A Human Right or Commodity?
28.3 Water Availability in Cabo Pulmo: An Overexploited Aquifer
28.4 Private and Community Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
28.5 Social Implications of Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
28.6 Final Considerations: The Need for a Socio-ecological Approach to Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
References
Part VI: Governance Changes from Sociecological Approach
Chapter 29: Walls of Water, Socioecological Perspectives of Governance Changes in a Protected Natural Area of Mexico
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Biosphere Reserves: An Overview
29.3 Islas Marias
29.3.1 Ecological Importance
29.3.2 A Prison Colony
29.3.3 The Conventional Governance Model
29.3.4 Reasons to Close the Jail
29.3.4.1 Size of the Incarcerated Population
29.3.4.2 Allotment Availability in the Prisons
29.3.4.3 Budgeting
29.3.4.4 Dubious Social Reintegration
29.3.4.5 Environmental Protection
29.4 Changes in the Archipelago
29.4.1 Administration and Management
29.4.2 Challenges Ahead
29.5 Lessons Learned, Hopes for the Sustainability of Islas Marias
References
Chapter 30: A Socioeconomic Assessment for Creating Successful Resource Management Policies for Protecting the Champotón River in Campeche
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Macro- and Micro-regional Considerations for the Champoton River
30.3 Demographics, Land Use, and Socioeconomic Survey Design
30.4 Survey Results and Discussion
30.5 Lessons Learned: Threading the Needle – Final Considerations for Surmounting Social, Legal, and Political Hurdles to Create Localized Protected Area Management
References
Chapter 31: Socio-ecological Approach of Two Fishery Resources in the Centla Wetland Biosphere Reserve
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Study Area or Physical and Ecological Context
31.2.1 Methods for Distribution and Abundance of the Armored Catfish (an Invasive Species)
31.2.2 Methods for Evaluation of the Population Dynamics of the Blue Land Crab (Cardisoma guanhumi)
31.2.3 Environmental Characterization
31.2.4 Biological Characterization: Estimation of the Population Parameters of the Blue Land Crab (Run)
31.2.5 Socio-environmental Perception
31.3 Results
31.3.1 Armored Catfish: Environmental Characterization and Abundance
31.3.2 Blue Land Crab: Environmental Characterization and Abundance
31.3.2.1 Estimation of the Population Parameters of the Blue Land Crab (Count and Measurement of Burrows) The maximum values of relative abundance of burrow of the blue land crab, was presented in Huarache with 487 burrows,with a more dramatic incr
31.3.2.2 Relationship of Crab Size and Weight During the Run
31.3.3 Armored Catfish: Socio-environmental Perception
31.3.4 Blue Land Crab Socio-environmental Perception
31.3.4.1 Economic Importance of the Blue Land Crab
31.3.4.2 Threats to and Impacts on the Blue Land Crab Population
31.3.5 Discussion
31.3.5.1 Socio-ecological Approach of Resources
References
Chapter 32: Ecotourism as a Means to Promote Community Inclusion and Nature Conservation: The Case Study of Maya Ka’an
32.1 Introduction
32.2 A History of Ecotourism Evolution in Sian Ka’an
32.3 Ecotourism in Sian Ka’an Today
32.4 The Conditions for a New Tourism Model
32.5 The Creation of Maya Ka’an
32.6 Success and Challenges
32.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 33: Effective Management of the National Park Espíritu Santo, Through the Governance, Planning, and Design of an Integral Strategy for Los Islotes
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Methodology
33.2.1 Population Trend and Abundance
33.2.2 Entanglement Rate
33.2.3 Diet
33.2.4 Trophic Niche Width
33.2.5 Environmental Variables
33.2.6 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
33.2.7 Generalized Linear Models (GLM)
33.3 Results
33.3.1 Population Trend and Abundance
33.3.2 Entanglement Rate
33.3.3 Diet
33.3.4 Trophic Niche Width
33.3.5 Environmental Variables
33.3.6 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
33.3.7 Generalized Linear Models
33.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 34: Analysis of a Socio-ecological System: Coastal Zone of the Yaqui Indigenous Community (NW México)
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Land and Coastal Zone Yaqui
34.2.1 Characteristics of the Yaqui Territory
34.2.2 Water Use and Water Quality in the Yaqui Territory
34.2.3 The Coastal Area of the Territory and Its Importance of Conservation
34.3 Yaqui Community
34.3.1 Cultural Aspects
34.3.2 Demography and Social Welfare
34.3.3 Productive Activities in the Coastal Zone
34.3.4 Farming
34.3.5 Fishing
34.3.6 Aquaculture
34.4 Analysis
34.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 35: Natural Protected Areas vs Integrated Watershed Management: People Participation Analysis in México
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Social Participation for the Management of Socio-ecosystems
35.3 The Analysis of Social Participation in the Legal Framework
35.4 Territory and Climate Change
35.5 Communities of Practice: Some Watershed Management Models
35.5.1 Integrated Micro-watershed Management Model of Regional Watershed Training Center (RWTC)-Autonomous University of Querétaro (AUQ)
35.5.2 WWF Model of Integrated Water Management in River Basins
35.5.3 Model of Project C6: Integrating the Watershed Approach and Natural Protected Areas
35.6 Conclusions
35.6.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 36: The Use of Geographical Environmental Perception in the Detection of Contaminated Urban Streams: Toward the Proposal of Environmental Policies in Chiapas, México
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Theoretical Framework
36.3 Area of Study
36.4 Materials and Methods
36.5 Results Obtained
36.5.1 Pollution Perception by Distance
36.5.2 Perception with Respect to Residence Time
36.5.3 Problem Perception
36.5.4 Cause Perception
36.5.5 Perception of the Effects
36.5.6 Institutional Pollution Perception
36.5.7 Solution Perception
36.6 Analysis and Discussion of the Results
36.7 Conclusions
36.7.1 Lessons Learned
References
Part VII: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 37: Concluding Remarks
Index
Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editor
Part I: Theoretical Aspects
Chapter 1: Socioecology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Socioecological System
1.3 Sustainability of the Socioecological Systems
1.4 Background
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Beyond Paradigms: Socio-ecology’s Heritage and Prospective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Social Ecology
2.2.1 Conceptual Social Ecology
2.3 Social Ecology Paradigms, Social Learning, and Governance
2.3.1 Social Learning Processes
2.3.2 Social Learning and Governance
2.3.3 Dimensions of Governance
2.3.4 Social Learning, Governance, and Resilience
2.4 Social Ecology Prospective
References
Chapter 3: Effective Ecological Sustainability as a Complex System from a Social Dimension
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Complexity and the Study of Sustainability as a System
3.3 The Study of Sustainability as a Complex System
3.4 Conclusions
3.4.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 4: In Search of Long-Term Conservation: Objectives, Effectiveness, and Participation Schemes in Protected Areas
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Protected Areas
4.1.2 Environmental Value System
4.2 Hard Statism
4.2.1 Environmental Value System, 1917–1970s
4.2.2 Mechanisms of Participation and Governance
4.2.3 Effectiveness
4.3 Flexible Statism
4.3.1 Environmental Value System, 1980–2000
4.3.2 Mechanisms of Participation
4.3.2.1 National PA Council
4.3.2.2 Advisory PA Council
4.3.3 Effectiveness
4.3.3.1 Biological and Social Outcomes
4.3.3.2 Management Effectiveness
4.4 Anti-statism, 2000–Current
4.4.1 Environmental Value System
4.4.2 Mechanisms of Participation
4.4.3 Effectiveness
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
4.6.1 Lessons Learned
4.6.1.1 Environmental Value System
4.6.2 Participation
4.6.3 Effectiveness
References
Chapter 5: Changing the Paradigm for Better Conservation: Conceptual Proposals from the Environmental Humanities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief Historical Review of the Context in Which the Neoliberal Conservation Paradigm Arose
5.3 Proposals for a Conceptual Base of a New Paradigm to Conserve Life
5.3.1 The Ethics of Biocultural Memory
5.3.2 Political-Ecological Paradigms Centered in the (Re)valuing and Defense of Territories and the Theory of “Place”
5.3.3 Alternative Forms of Production That Respect Ecosystemic Bases
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Inclusion of the Human Factor in Protected Natural Areas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Knowledge of the Biosphere Reserve of Petenes and the Link Between the Authorities and the Community of Tankuché
6.3.2 Perceptions About the Changes in the Use of Natural Resources and the Benefits Derived from It
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Uncontrolled Urban Growth: The Crisis of Protected Natural Areas Near Cities in Mexico
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Urban Growth and Resource Deterioration
7.3 When the Law Unprotects
7.4 Pressures of Construction Companies in Mexican PNAs
7.5 Lesson Learned
References
Chapter 8: Dynamic Simulation Models and Participatory Approaches to Support the Sustainable Management of Social-Ecological Systems in Natural Protected Areas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 System Dynamics and Computational Models as a Methodological Approach
8.2.1 Conceptualization: Building a Qualitative Model of SESs
8.2.2 Quantitative Modeling
8.2.3 Exploring Management Scenarios
8.3 Social Research Techniques and Participatory Processes in the Study of SESs
8.4 Final Remarks and Lessons Learned
References
Part II: Methodological Aspects
Chapter 9: The Payment of Environmental Services as an Economic and Governance Mechanism for the Conservation and Management of Natural Protected Areas
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Conceptualising Ecosystem Services and Environmental Services
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results
9.3.1 The International Context of PES
9.3.2 PES in Mexico
9.3.2.1 Payment for Environmental Services
9.3.2.2 Natural Protected Areas and PES
9.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: An Integrated Dynamic Model for Beach Zoning in Natural Protected Areas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Framework and Model Design Principles
10.2.1 General Framework
10.2.2 Model Design Principles
10.3 Methodology and Study Area
10.3.1 Module 1: Beach Form and Characteristics
10.3.2 Module 2: Definition of Study Variables
10.3.3 Module 3: Interaction Matrix
10.3.4 Module 4: Zoning Criteria
10.3.5 Modules 5 and 6: Proposed Scenarios and Selected Scenario
10.3.6 Study Area
10.4 Results
10.4.1 Beach Morphology 2DV and 2DH
10.4.2 Construction of the Variables and Interaction Matrix
10.4.3 The Proposed Zoning Schemes
10.5 Conclusions
10.5.1 General Conclusions
10.5.2 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 11: Managing the Galapagos National Park: A Systemic Approach Based on Socio-ecological Modeling and Sustainability Indicators
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Integrated Tools to Socio-ecological Systems Sustainability
11.1.2 The Socio-ecological System of the Galapagos Islands
11.2 Methodological Approach
11.2.1 General Framework
11.2.2 Indicators as a Tool for a Systemic Perspective: The IDIS Approach
11.2.2.1 The IDIS Hierarchical Approach
11.2.2.2 Sustainability Thresholds
11.2.3 System Dynamic Model
11.2.4 Assessment of Policies, Scenarios, and Vulnerability
11.2.5 Procedure to Assist Decisions for Sustainability
11.3 Results
11.3.1 Application of the IDIS Approach to Develop the SIAG (Galapagos Water Indicators System)
11.3.1.1 Synthetic Diagnosis of Water Problems
11.3.1.2 Application of the SIAG to Santa Cruz Island
11.3.1.3 Sustainability Indicators as a Tool to Manage Protected Sites
11.3.2 Socio-environment Systems Model for the Galapagos: A Linkage Between Tourism, Biodiversity, and Infrastructure
11.3.2.1 Overview
11.3.2.2 Methods
11.3.2.3 Model Implementation
11.3.2.4 Results of the Galapagos SDM
11.4 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 12: Local Stakeholders’ Perception as a Contribution to the Identification of Negative Impacts on Protected Areas: A Case Study of Torres del Paine National Park
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Tourism’s Impacts on Protected Areas
12.1.2 Participatory Tourism’s Planning Processes in Protected Areas
12.2 Area of Study: Mountain Circuits in TPNP
12.3 Methodology to Identify Perception of Negative Impacts Generated by the Tourism Activity in Torres del Paine National Park
12.3.1 Stakeholders’ Identification
12.3.2 Participatory Strategies’ Implementation
12.3.2.1 Participatory Workshops
12.3.2.2 Stakeholder Perception Questionnaire
12.3.2.3 Meetings and Presentations
12.3.3 Stakeholders’ Perception Analysis
12.3.3.1 Perception Analysis by Type of Stakeholder
12.3.3.2 Identification of Critical Points (CPs)
12.3.4 Decision-Making Information
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Stakeholders’ Identification
12.4.2 Implementation of Participatory Strategies
12.4.3 Stakeholder’ Perception Analysis
12.4.3.1 Perception by Type of Stakeholder
12.4.3.2 Critical Points’ Perception (CPs)
12.4.3.3 Cartography Generation with Critical Points
12.4.3.4 Information for Decision-Making
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 13: ICZM Strategy for the Socioecological System of the Mar Menor (Spain): Methodological Aspects and Public Participation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Objective, Conceptual Framework, Method and Sources of Information
13.3 Results
13.3.1 Background and Institutional Arrangements of the Mar Menor Strategy
13.4 Analysis, Diagnosis and Operational Bases (of the Mar Menor and Its Surroundings)
13.5 Analysis, Diagnosis and Strategic Bases (of the Management Model): The Decalogue
13.6 The Participative Process
13.7 Proposals for the Formulation of the Strategy
13.8 Lessons Learned
13.8.1 Background Information Such as Previous Agreements and the Formulation Process of the Strategy Were Developed in a Political-Technical Framework. The ICZM Is Not an Exclusively Technical-Scientific Discipline
13.8.2 New Conceptual Approaches to the Field of Study Could Be Employed Due to the Thorough Explanation to Officials from Other Departments, Political-Administrative Authorities and Participants
13.8.3 It Is Necessary to Clearly Focus on the Institutional Management Model When Working with ICZM. A Concise Outline Is the Best Way to Address It
13.8.4 An Adequate and Flexible Participatory Process Strengthens the Instrument That Is Being Formulated
13.8.5 For the Formulation of the Proposals, it Was Beneficial to Insist on a Method That Took into Account: The Philosophy of the Project, a Sequential or Chained Character of Reasoning, and the Socioecological Context
13.8.6 The Process of Institutionalisation Teaches Us That a Strategy Can Advance Even Without Being Officially Approved by an Institution
13.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Training for Aquaculture and Fishery Activities for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
14.1 Introduction: Natural Protected Areas in Cuba and Aquaculture Development
14.2 The Governance in Natural Protected Areas and Contribution of the Fisheries Sector to Biodiversity Protection
14.2.1 Contribution of the Fishing Sector to Conservation and Protection of Fishing Resources and Marine Biodiversity: Emphasis on the North-Central Shelf of Cuba
14.3 Aquaculture Training as an Alternative to Sustainable Fishing and Biodiversity Protection
14.3.1 Sponge Culture in the Protected Natural Area “Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo”
14.3.2 Oyster Culture in the Protected Natural Area “Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo”
14.4 Las Picúas-Cayo Cristo Protected Natural Area. Case Study
14.4.1 Geographic and Environmental Characteristics
14.4.2 Biodiversity
14.4.3 Pressures and Threats
14.4.4 Legal Framework and Conflicts
14.4.5 Socioeconomic Characterization of the Area and Its Environment
14.4.6 Socioeconomic Problems in the Protected Natural Area and Its Environment
14.4.7 Current Management Problems and Concerns
14.5 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 15: Applying Epistemic Approach to Analyze Bio-intercultural Relationships Among Local Indigenous People and Nature
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Mesoamerican Civilization and Its Relation with the Natural World
15.1.2 The Andean Civilization and Its Relation with the Natural World
15.1.3 Andean Philosophical Approach: Is Buen vivir the Same as Sumak Kawsay?
15.2 Biocultural Conservation: Epistemic Diversity and Ecosystemic Biodiversity
15.2.1 Relationship Between the Local Native Inhabitants of NPA with Nature and Environmental Conservation
15.2.1.1 Indigenous Peoples, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and Biocultural Conservation
15.2.2 Indigenous Worldview of Interrelation with Nature
15.2.3 Biocultural Perspective to Conservancy and Inhabit Nature from the Approach of Buen vivir
15.2.4 Guiding Methodological Elements with the Philosophical Approach of Buen vivir for Biocultural Conservation
15.3 Conclusion
References
Part III: Social Groups and Ecological Knowledge
Chapter 16: Sociocultural and Environmental Interactions Between People and Wild Edible Plants: The Case of Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve
16.1 Biological and Social Contexts of Sierra la Laguna Biosphere Reserve
16.2 The Importance of Wild Edible Plants in the World
16.3 Methodology
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Wild Edible Plants in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra la Laguna
16.4.2 Sociocultural and Environmental Implications
16.5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 17: Hunting in the Yucatan Peninsula: Knowledge and Worldviews
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hunting Methods
17.3 From Death to Intake: Food Preparation
17.4 Types of Contemporary Hunting in the Yucatan Peninsula
17.5 Rituals Around the Hunt
17.6 Myths and Legends
17.7 Final Comments
References
Chapter 18: The Nagoya Protocol, Intellectual Property, and Biodiversity Conservation in Mexico
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background
18.3 Evolution of the Rights of Plant Breeders and the Catalog of Plant Varieties in Mexico
18.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Social Participation for Implementation of Camera Traps Projects in Managed and Protected Natural Areas of Mexico
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.2.1 Protected Natural Areas in Mexico
19.2.2 Managed “Unprotected” Areas, Used for Natural Resources Production
19.2.3 Use of Camera Traps in Mexico: Research
19.2.4 The Role of Hunters in Northern Mexico
19.2.5 Accompaniment: Government Institutions and Technical Service Providers
19.2.6 An Example of Organization in Western Mexico
19.3 Study Cases
19.4 Conclusion: A Methodological Proposal to Reach Appropriation and Empowerment by Communities
References
Chapter 20: Socioenvironmental Affectation of Coffee Production Activity in Tributaries of La Suiza River at El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Description of the Study Area
20.3 Materials and Methods
20.4 Analyses and Discussion of Results
20.4.1 Qualitative Analysis
20.4.2 Quantitative Analyses
20.5 Conclusion
20.6 Lessons Learned
Bibliography
Part IV: Biodiversity Conservation Success from Socio-Ecological Approach
Chapter 21: Resistance of the Civil Society Against Mining Projects
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Mining in Contemporary Mexico
21.3 Social Movements Against Mining
21.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Visions of the Future in the Oases of Baja California Sur, Mexico
22.1 Wetlands of Baja California: Foundations of the Baja California Oases
22.2 The Oases: Traditional Social-Ecological Systems of Baja California Sur
22.3 Regional Problem and Expectations of Change
22.4 Pilot Case: The Oasis of Comondú
22.5 Visions of Future
22.5.1 Environmental Units: State and Associated Community Organization Structures (COS)
22.5.2 Visions of the Future for the Oasis of Los Comondú
22.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 23: The Challenge of the Science of Sustainability in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of the UMA “Wotoch Aayin” in the Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve, Campeche
23.1 The Science of Sustainability: Where Are We?
23.2 Sustainable Science and Ecosystem Services in National Protected Areas
23.2.1 The New Policy of Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Mexico
23.3 Recovery of the Moreletti Crocodile and ANP Conservation: How Can Progress Be Sustained?
23.4 The Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve
23.4.1 Mangroves in Mexico
23.4.2 The Problem
23.5 Case Study: The Experience of the Environmental Management Unit “Wotoch Aayin SC de RL de CV”
23.5.1 The Rural Family Enterprise and Conservation of the Coastal Ecosystem
23.5.2 History of the Wotoch Aayin Cooperative
23.5.3 Results of Adoption of These Innovations
23.5.4 Replication and Current Challenges
23.5.5 Threats
23.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Results of Socio-ecosystem Institutional Management: Analysis of Two Protected Natural Areas of Central México
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Methodology
24.3 Results
24.3.1 Historical Background and Biological Importance of the Protected Natural Areas Selected
24.3.1.1 El Chico National Park (ECHNP)
24.3.1.2 Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (BMBR)
24.3.2 Management of the Selected Protected National Areas
24.3.2.1 The Management of the El Chico National Park (ECHNP)
24.3.2.2 Management of Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (BMBR)
24.3.3 Perception of the Inhabitants About the Protected Natural Areas
24.3.3.1 Inhabitants from Mineral El Chico Municipality
24.3.3.2 Inhabitants from Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve
24.3.4 Local Tourism Entrepreneurs and Ecotourism Agencies in El Chico National Park
24.3.5 Wildlife and Environmental Management Units (UMA) in the Biosphere Reserve Barranca de Metztitlán (BMBR)
24.3.6 Perception of Visitors About El Chico National Park
24.4 Discussion and Conclusions
24.5 Lessons Learned
References
Part V: Community Well Living Improvement from Ecological Conservation
Chapter 25: Economic Valuation of Diving with Bull Sharks in Natural Conditions: A Recent Activity in Cabo Pulmo National Park, Gulf of California, Mexico
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods
25.2.1 Travel Cost Method (TCM)
25.2.2 Demand Model Construction
25.3 Results
25.3.1 Tourist Profile
25.3.1.1 Gender
25.3.1.2 Nationality
25.3.1.3 Occupation
25.3.2 General Aspects of Diving with Bull Sharks at Cabo Pulmo National Park
25.3.2.1 Assessment of General Diving Quality in Cabo Pulmo National Park Given by Tourists Who Visited the Park in 2016
25.3.2.2 Number of Shark Sightings per Person During the Dive
25.3.2.3 Favorite Animal for Sightings During Dives
25.3.3 Demand for the Activity
25.3.3.1 First Shark Dive Encounter
25.3.3.2 Days of Stay
25.3.3.3 Diving with Sharks as the Main Reason to Visit CPNP
25.3.4 Other Aspects
25.3.4.1 Other Activities to Be Carried Out in PNPC
25.3.4.2 Support for Implementation of Regulations with Conservation Routes
25.3.4.3 Changing Tourist Perception of Sharks After the Bull Shark Diving Experience
25.3.4.4 Attitude Toward the Implementation of Chumming (Organic Attractant) During Dives with Bull Shark at CPNP
25.3.5 Economic Valuation by Cost of Travel Method (CTM)
25.3.5.1 Annual Income Level per Person
25.3.5.2 Econometric Model
25.3.5.3 Consumer Surplus or Willingness to Pay to Access the Activity
25.4 Discussion
25.4.1 Tourist Characterization
25.4.2 Demand
25.4.3 Economic Valuation by the Cost of Travel Method (MCV)
25.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Socio-ecological Effects of Government and Community Collaborative Work with Local Development in a Natural Protected Area
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Background
26.3 Collaboration Strategies and Collective Action
26.4 The Protected Natural Area of El Verde Camacho Sanctuary
26.5 Community of El Recreo and the Ecotourism Cooperative
26.6 Materials and Methods
26.7 Results
26.7.1 Social and Economic Welfare
26.7.2 The Ecotourism Cooperative as a Local Development Strategy
26.7.3 Visitor Reception
26.7.4 The Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the PNA
26.7.5 Government Strategies for the Conservation of the PNA and Local Development
26.8 Conclusions
26.8.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 27: Integration of Resident Fisherfolk Communities in Marine Protected Areas by Social Micro-entrepreneurships of Mariculture: A Case Study at La Paz Bay, South Baja California, Mexico
27.1 Framework of the Case Study
27.2 Description of the Study Area
27.2.1 La Paz Bay Presentation
27.2.2 Status of Balandra-Merito
27.3 Influence of the MPA Balandra-Merito in the Mexican Mariculture
27.3.1 Timeline Overview
27.3.2 Mariculture into the MPA Precint: What Works?
27.4 Final Reflections
References
Chapter 28: Community Water Management and Conservation in Cabo Pulmo National Park (Baja California Sur, Mexico)
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Water: A Human Right or Commodity?
28.3 Water Availability in Cabo Pulmo: An Overexploited Aquifer
28.4 Private and Community Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
28.5 Social Implications of Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
28.6 Final Considerations: The Need for a Socio-ecological Approach to Water Management in Cabo Pulmo
References
Part VI: Governance Changes from Sociecological Approach
Chapter 29: Walls of Water, Socioecological Perspectives of Governance Changes in a Protected Natural Area of Mexico
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Biosphere Reserves: An Overview
29.3 Islas Marias
29.3.1 Ecological Importance
29.3.2 A Prison Colony
29.3.3 The Conventional Governance Model
29.3.4 Reasons to Close the Jail
29.3.4.1 Size of the Incarcerated Population
29.3.4.2 Allotment Availability in the Prisons
29.3.4.3 Budgeting
29.3.4.4 Dubious Social Reintegration
29.3.4.5 Environmental Protection
29.4 Changes in the Archipelago
29.4.1 Administration and Management
29.4.2 Challenges Ahead
29.5 Lessons Learned, Hopes for the Sustainability of Islas Marias
References
Chapter 30: A Socioeconomic Assessment for Creating Successful Resource Management Policies for Protecting the Champotón River in Campeche
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Macro- and Micro-regional Considerations for the Champoton River
30.3 Demographics, Land Use, and Socioeconomic Survey Design
30.4 Survey Results and Discussion
30.5 Lessons Learned: Threading the Needle – Final Considerations for Surmounting Social, Legal, and Political Hurdles to Create Localized Protected Area Management
References
Chapter 31: Socio-ecological Approach of Two Fishery Resources in the Centla Wetland Biosphere Reserve
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Study Area or Physical and Ecological Context
31.2.1 Methods for Distribution and Abundance of the Armored Catfish (an Invasive Species)
31.2.2 Methods for Evaluation of the Population Dynamics of the Blue Land Crab (Cardisoma guanhumi)
31.2.3 Environmental Characterization
31.2.4 Biological Characterization: Estimation of the Population Parameters of the Blue Land Crab (Run)
31.2.5 Socio-environmental Perception
31.3 Results
31.3.1 Armored Catfish: Environmental Characterization and Abundance
31.3.2 Blue Land Crab: Environmental Characterization and Abundance
31.3.2.1 Estimation of the Population Parameters of the Blue Land Crab (Count and Measurement of Burrows) The maximum values of relative abundance of burrow of the blue land crab, was presented in Huarache with 487 burrows,with a more dramatic incr
31.3.2.2 Relationship of Crab Size and Weight During the Run
31.3.3 Armored Catfish: Socio-environmental Perception
31.3.4 Blue Land Crab Socio-environmental Perception
31.3.4.1 Economic Importance of the Blue Land Crab
31.3.4.2 Threats to and Impacts on the Blue Land Crab Population
31.3.5 Discussion
31.3.5.1 Socio-ecological Approach of Resources
References
Chapter 32: Ecotourism as a Means to Promote Community Inclusion and Nature Conservation: The Case Study of Maya Ka’an
32.1 Introduction
32.2 A History of Ecotourism Evolution in Sian Ka’an
32.3 Ecotourism in Sian Ka’an Today
32.4 The Conditions for a New Tourism Model
32.5 The Creation of Maya Ka’an
32.6 Success and Challenges
32.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 33: Effective Management of the National Park Espíritu Santo, Through the Governance, Planning, and Design of an Integral Strategy for Los Islotes
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Methodology
33.2.1 Population Trend and Abundance
33.2.2 Entanglement Rate
33.2.3 Diet
33.2.4 Trophic Niche Width
33.2.5 Environmental Variables
33.2.6 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
33.2.7 Generalized Linear Models (GLM)
33.3 Results
33.3.1 Population Trend and Abundance
33.3.2 Entanglement Rate
33.3.3 Diet
33.3.4 Trophic Niche Width
33.3.5 Environmental Variables
33.3.6 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
33.3.7 Generalized Linear Models
33.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 34: Analysis of a Socio-ecological System: Coastal Zone of the Yaqui Indigenous Community (NW México)
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Land and Coastal Zone Yaqui
34.2.1 Characteristics of the Yaqui Territory
34.2.2 Water Use and Water Quality in the Yaqui Territory
34.2.3 The Coastal Area of the Territory and Its Importance of Conservation
34.3 Yaqui Community
34.3.1 Cultural Aspects
34.3.2 Demography and Social Welfare
34.3.3 Productive Activities in the Coastal Zone
34.3.4 Farming
34.3.5 Fishing
34.3.6 Aquaculture
34.4 Analysis
34.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 35: Natural Protected Areas vs Integrated Watershed Management: People Participation Analysis in México
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Social Participation for the Management of Socio-ecosystems
35.3 The Analysis of Social Participation in the Legal Framework
35.4 Territory and Climate Change
35.5 Communities of Practice: Some Watershed Management Models
35.5.1 Integrated Micro-watershed Management Model of Regional Watershed Training Center (RWTC)-Autonomous University of Querétaro (AUQ)
35.5.2 WWF Model of Integrated Water Management in River Basins
35.5.3 Model of Project C6: Integrating the Watershed Approach and Natural Protected Areas
35.6 Conclusions
35.6.1 Lessons Learned
References
Chapter 36: The Use of Geographical Environmental Perception in the Detection of Contaminated Urban Streams: Toward the Proposal of Environmental Policies in Chiapas, México
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Theoretical Framework
36.3 Area of Study
36.4 Materials and Methods
36.5 Results Obtained
36.5.1 Pollution Perception by Distance
36.5.2 Perception with Respect to Residence Time
36.5.3 Problem Perception
36.5.4 Cause Perception
36.5.5 Perception of the Effects
36.5.6 Institutional Pollution Perception
36.5.7 Solution Perception
36.6 Analysis and Discussion of the Results
36.7 Conclusions
36.7.1 Lessons Learned
References
Part VII: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 37: Concluding Remarks
Index
