فهرست مطالب
CONTENTS
RKA PHUG RDO RJE DON GRUB <4>
KEY CONSULTANTS <7>
MAP <10>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS <11>
CONTENTS <12>
PART ONE: EVERYDAY LIFE
IN HORSE RACE VILLAGE
INTRODUCTION <19>
NAMES <23>
LOCAL HISTORY<24>
HOUSING <30>
INTRODUCTION <30>
PLANNING A NEW HOUSE <31>
BUILDING A COURTYARD WALL <32>
HOUSEHOLD SHRINES AND COURTYARD ALTARS <34>
SLEEPING <38>
EATING <39>
SOURCES OF CASH INCOME <42>
MONASTERY, MONKS, TANTRINS, AND MEDIUMS <43>
ERLANG <45>
GHOSTS <48>
INTRODUCTION <48>
SNGAGS PA INVITATION <50>
MEALS FOR SNGAGS PA AND RELATIVES <51>
CALLING GHOSTS <51>
PUNISHING AND EXPELLING GHOSTS <53>
AVOIDING PURSUIT BY GHOSTS <55>
THE\'U RANG <57>
INTRODUCTION <57>
INVITING THE\'U RANG <57>
EXPELLING THE\'U RANG <57>
A YEAR IN HORSE RACE VILLAGE <60>
Lo sar and Lab tse <60>
Agricultural Work Begins <65>
\'Cham <66>
Agricultural Work Continues <97>
Archery <107>
Public Work: Reward and Punishment <109>
Lo sar Preparations <109>
PART TWO: NARRATIVES FROM
HORSE RACE VILLAGE
RDO RJE DON GRUB\'S CHILDHOOD <113>
TOYS <113>
WILD HERBS <114>
WASPS <117>
BURNING GRASSHOPPERS <118>
HERDING <120>
LIZARD AND FOUR EYES <123>
PRIMARY SCHOOL <125>
o Beginning School <125>
o Teacher Nor bu Bites a Student\'s Ear <126>
o Truant <129>
o Mother\'s Punishment <132>
THE LHA RTSED FESTIVAL <133>
o The Twenty-first Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <133>
o The Twenty-second Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <134>
o The Twenty-third Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <137>
o Watching Movies <138>
o The Bonfire <139>
GRANDMOTHER\'S DEATH <140>
SHORT STORIES <146>
THE WATER DEITIES MADE ME SICK <146>
A GOOD PERSON IS HARD TO FIND <148>
THE FUGITIVE <156>
o Theft <157>
o Surrender? <161>
o Police Raid <163>
o Arrest <165>
o Ye shes\'s Arrest <167>
o Future <169>
o With Grandparents <170>
o New Life in Lha sa <171>
o Mtsho mo\'s Visit Home <173>
o Car Accident <176>
o Return Home <180>
o Collecting Caterpillar Fungus <182>
o Grandmother\'s Illness <185>
o Grandfather\'s Visit <187>
o Bzang mo\'s Confession <189>
o Uncle\'s Marriage <191>
o Bkra shis\'s Freedom <192>
o Bkra shis\'s Memories <195>
FOLKTALES <196>
RABBIT AND WOLF <198>
STALK-LEGS, EGG-HEAD, AND HORSE-HAIR NECK <200>
A KHU STON PA FRIGHTENS THE THIEVES <201>
A KHU STON PA\'S PREGNANCY <203>
TWO BROTHERS <205>
FLOWER U DUM WA RA <207>
HUNTING ELEPHANTS <210>
BARLEY SEED SON <211>
THE GHOST MOTHER <215>
A SELFISH MOTHER <218>
THE GHOST QUEEN <221>
THE SHEPHERD AND THE WOLF CUBS <223>
A MISTREATED HOUSEHOLDER <224>
THE MAGIC MONK <228>
PARENT EATER <229>
DONKEY AND TIGER <232>
RABBIT AND BEAR <236>
CONCLUSION <241>
REFERENCES <244>
GLOSSARY <246>
INDEX <264>
TABLES
Table 1. Mtsho sngon\'s population by ethnic group. <19>
Table 2. Rma lho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture popu-lation in 2012 by ethnic group. <20>
Table 3. \'Cham masks in Se rtsa and Rka phug villages. <72>
PHOTOGRAPHS
Rka phug Rdo rje don grub in Lha sa. <5>
Rka phug Rdo rje don grub and family in Lha sa. <6>
\'Phags mo tshe ring (b. 1929) of Rta rgyugs Village. <7>
Rgyal mtshan (b. 1935) of Tsang tsa Village. <8>
Bde skyid mtsho (b. 1966) of Rta rgyugs Village. <9>
Khams ra Town. <22>
Khams ra Town on the banks of the Yellow River. <22>
Sngo rgya Reservoir (Lijia xia). <23>
Rka phug Village. <27>
Rka phug Village. <27>
Concrete road in Rta rgyugs Village. <28>
Electricity poles in Rta rgyugs Village. <28>
Se rgya and Thang mtsher fields in winter. <29>
A 200 year old tree in Dpon rgya Village. <29>
A kiln near Cung smad Village. <30>
Contemporary village house. <32>
New tea offered to the tsha gsur in the morning. <34>
A village household entrance and a pig sty. <35>
Rta rgyugs Village household storage area. <36>
The interior of a modern village house. <36>
A village household gate and orchard walls. <37>
A modern stove in a new village house. <37>
Modern village houses feature glass-enclosed patios. <39>
Gor mo zhi - bread baked in ash. <41>
Zangs gor - baked bread. <41>
Sog sog (top) and gor dmar (bottom) - deep-fried bread. <42>
Rdzong nang Monastery. <44>
Walls that once housed an Erlang image. <47>
The Six Sacred Syllables near Cung smad Village. <48>
Prayer wheels in Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <49>
Khams ri Lab tse. <61>
Bsang offered to Khams ri Deity. <62>
A myes Brag dmar Lab tse in winter. <62>
Cung smad Village Lab tse was renewed in 2011. <63>
Khams ri Lab tse altar. <63>
Rlung rta offered at Khams ri Lab tse. <64>
Rlung rta at Khams ri Lab tse. <64>
Wind flag atop a mountain. <65>
\'Cham is held at Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <66>
Incense offering in the courtyard center. <67>
The dge skos holds a stick on \'Cham day. <70>
Mtshams khang for sngags pa. <71>
Performing Nor bu dga\' \'khyil. <75>
Sngags pa with sbug chal walk to the courtyard. <76>
Sngags pa with Da ru walk to the courtyard. <77>
Sngags pa with sbug chal and drums circle the courtyard. <78>
\'Ug pa and pho rog prepare to dismember the nya bo. <79>
Zhwa nag performers dance in the courtyard. <80>
Keng rus in the courtyard. <81>
Shwa with kha btags. <82>
Bdud appears in the courtyard. <83>
Gza\' appears in the courtyard. <84>
Btsan in the courtyard. <85>
Klu appears in the courtyard. <86>
Srin po dances in the courtyard. <87>
Khams ri in the courtyard. <88>
Brag dmar in the courtyard. <89>
Dmag zor rgyal mo at the gtor rgyag. <90>
Sngags srung dances in the courtyard. <91>
Dam can mgar nag in the courtyard. <92>
Dam can mgar dmar in the courtyard. <93>
Khro bo dances in the courtyard. <94>
Khro mo dances in the courtyard. <95>
Preparing to throw the gtor ma into a fire. <96>
Dung chen inside Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <97>
Farming tools. <104>
Tuoguji used to separate straw from grain. <105>
Separating straw from grain. <105>
A combine harvester harvests village fields. <106>
Villagers move grain to a trailer. <106>
Drying grain using a \'Ded ma. <107>
Boiled yak meat for Lo sar. <111>
RKA PHUG RDO RJE DON GRUB <4>
KEY CONSULTANTS <7>
MAP <10>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS <11>
CONTENTS <12>
PART ONE: EVERYDAY LIFE
IN HORSE RACE VILLAGE
INTRODUCTION <19>
NAMES <23>
LOCAL HISTORY<24>
HOUSING <30>
INTRODUCTION <30>
PLANNING A NEW HOUSE <31>
BUILDING A COURTYARD WALL <32>
HOUSEHOLD SHRINES AND COURTYARD ALTARS <34>
SLEEPING <38>
EATING <39>
SOURCES OF CASH INCOME <42>
MONASTERY, MONKS, TANTRINS, AND MEDIUMS <43>
ERLANG <45>
GHOSTS <48>
INTRODUCTION <48>
SNGAGS PA INVITATION <50>
MEALS FOR SNGAGS PA AND RELATIVES <51>
CALLING GHOSTS <51>
PUNISHING AND EXPELLING GHOSTS <53>
AVOIDING PURSUIT BY GHOSTS <55>
THE\'U RANG <57>
INTRODUCTION <57>
INVITING THE\'U RANG <57>
EXPELLING THE\'U RANG <57>
A YEAR IN HORSE RACE VILLAGE <60>
Lo sar and Lab tse <60>
Agricultural Work Begins <65>
\'Cham <66>
Agricultural Work Continues <97>
Archery <107>
Public Work: Reward and Punishment <109>
Lo sar Preparations <109>
PART TWO: NARRATIVES FROM
HORSE RACE VILLAGE
RDO RJE DON GRUB\'S CHILDHOOD <113>
TOYS <113>
WILD HERBS <114>
WASPS <117>
BURNING GRASSHOPPERS <118>
HERDING <120>
LIZARD AND FOUR EYES <123>
PRIMARY SCHOOL <125>
o Beginning School <125>
o Teacher Nor bu Bites a Student\'s Ear <126>
o Truant <129>
o Mother\'s Punishment <132>
THE LHA RTSED FESTIVAL <133>
o The Twenty-first Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <133>
o The Twenty-second Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <134>
o The Twenty-third Day of the Sixth Lunar Month <137>
o Watching Movies <138>
o The Bonfire <139>
GRANDMOTHER\'S DEATH <140>
SHORT STORIES <146>
THE WATER DEITIES MADE ME SICK <146>
A GOOD PERSON IS HARD TO FIND <148>
THE FUGITIVE <156>
o Theft <157>
o Surrender? <161>
o Police Raid <163>
o Arrest <165>
o Ye shes\'s Arrest <167>
o Future <169>
o With Grandparents <170>
o New Life in Lha sa <171>
o Mtsho mo\'s Visit Home <173>
o Car Accident <176>
o Return Home <180>
o Collecting Caterpillar Fungus <182>
o Grandmother\'s Illness <185>
o Grandfather\'s Visit <187>
o Bzang mo\'s Confession <189>
o Uncle\'s Marriage <191>
o Bkra shis\'s Freedom <192>
o Bkra shis\'s Memories <195>
FOLKTALES <196>
RABBIT AND WOLF <198>
STALK-LEGS, EGG-HEAD, AND HORSE-HAIR NECK <200>
A KHU STON PA FRIGHTENS THE THIEVES <201>
A KHU STON PA\'S PREGNANCY <203>
TWO BROTHERS <205>
FLOWER U DUM WA RA <207>
HUNTING ELEPHANTS <210>
BARLEY SEED SON <211>
THE GHOST MOTHER <215>
A SELFISH MOTHER <218>
THE GHOST QUEEN <221>
THE SHEPHERD AND THE WOLF CUBS <223>
A MISTREATED HOUSEHOLDER <224>
THE MAGIC MONK <228>
PARENT EATER <229>
DONKEY AND TIGER <232>
RABBIT AND BEAR <236>
CONCLUSION <241>
REFERENCES <244>
GLOSSARY <246>
INDEX <264>
TABLES
Table 1. Mtsho sngon\'s population by ethnic group. <19>
Table 2. Rma lho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture popu-lation in 2012 by ethnic group. <20>
Table 3. \'Cham masks in Se rtsa and Rka phug villages. <72>
PHOTOGRAPHS
Rka phug Rdo rje don grub in Lha sa. <5>
Rka phug Rdo rje don grub and family in Lha sa. <6>
\'Phags mo tshe ring (b. 1929) of Rta rgyugs Village. <7>
Rgyal mtshan (b. 1935) of Tsang tsa Village. <8>
Bde skyid mtsho (b. 1966) of Rta rgyugs Village. <9>
Khams ra Town. <22>
Khams ra Town on the banks of the Yellow River. <22>
Sngo rgya Reservoir (Lijia xia). <23>
Rka phug Village. <27>
Rka phug Village. <27>
Concrete road in Rta rgyugs Village. <28>
Electricity poles in Rta rgyugs Village. <28>
Se rgya and Thang mtsher fields in winter. <29>
A 200 year old tree in Dpon rgya Village. <29>
A kiln near Cung smad Village. <30>
Contemporary village house. <32>
New tea offered to the tsha gsur in the morning. <34>
A village household entrance and a pig sty. <35>
Rta rgyugs Village household storage area. <36>
The interior of a modern village house. <36>
A village household gate and orchard walls. <37>
A modern stove in a new village house. <37>
Modern village houses feature glass-enclosed patios. <39>
Gor mo zhi - bread baked in ash. <41>
Zangs gor - baked bread. <41>
Sog sog (top) and gor dmar (bottom) - deep-fried bread. <42>
Rdzong nang Monastery. <44>
Walls that once housed an Erlang image. <47>
The Six Sacred Syllables near Cung smad Village. <48>
Prayer wheels in Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <49>
Khams ri Lab tse. <61>
Bsang offered to Khams ri Deity. <62>
A myes Brag dmar Lab tse in winter. <62>
Cung smad Village Lab tse was renewed in 2011. <63>
Khams ri Lab tse altar. <63>
Rlung rta offered at Khams ri Lab tse. <64>
Rlung rta at Khams ri Lab tse. <64>
Wind flag atop a mountain. <65>
\'Cham is held at Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <66>
Incense offering in the courtyard center. <67>
The dge skos holds a stick on \'Cham day. <70>
Mtshams khang for sngags pa. <71>
Performing Nor bu dga\' \'khyil. <75>
Sngags pa with sbug chal walk to the courtyard. <76>
Sngags pa with Da ru walk to the courtyard. <77>
Sngags pa with sbug chal and drums circle the courtyard. <78>
\'Ug pa and pho rog prepare to dismember the nya bo. <79>
Zhwa nag performers dance in the courtyard. <80>
Keng rus in the courtyard. <81>
Shwa with kha btags. <82>
Bdud appears in the courtyard. <83>
Gza\' appears in the courtyard. <84>
Btsan in the courtyard. <85>
Klu appears in the courtyard. <86>
Srin po dances in the courtyard. <87>
Khams ri in the courtyard. <88>
Brag dmar in the courtyard. <89>
Dmag zor rgyal mo at the gtor rgyag. <90>
Sngags srung dances in the courtyard. <91>
Dam can mgar nag in the courtyard. <92>
Dam can mgar dmar in the courtyard. <93>
Khro bo dances in the courtyard. <94>
Khro mo dances in the courtyard. <95>
Preparing to throw the gtor ma into a fire. <96>
Dung chen inside Dpal rgyal gong ba\'i sngags khang. <97>
Farming tools. <104>
Tuoguji used to separate straw from grain. <105>
Separating straw from grain. <105>
A combine harvester harvests village fields. <106>
Villagers move grain to a trailer. <106>
Drying grain using a \'Ded ma. <107>
Boiled yak meat for Lo sar. <111>