فهرست مطالب
Front Cover......Page 1
Fitness-for-Service Fracture Assessment of Structures Containing Cracks......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Nomenclature......Page 10
1.1. SINTAP......Page 20
1.3. The Topic of the Present Book......Page 22
2.1. General Aspects......Page 26
2.2. Ligament Yielding......Page 27
2.3. The TWI (The Welding Institute) Design Curve Approach......Page 28
2.4. The Early FAD Approach of CEGB (Central Electricity Generating Board)......Page 29
2.5. The EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) Approach......Page 30
2.6. The Reference Stress Method of CEGB......Page 31
2.7. The R6-Revision 3 Approach of CEGB......Page 32
2.8. The Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) Approach of GKSS......Page 34
2.9. The SINTAP Approach......Page 35
3.1. Fitness-for-Service......Page 38
3.2. Potential Tasks of a SINTAP/FITNET Analysis......Page 39
3.3. Multi-Optional Concept......Page 40
3.4. FAD Versus CDF Analyses......Page 43
3.5. Integrated Concept......Page 44
4.1.2. Primary and Secondary Stresses......Page 48
4.1.3. Definition of the Stress Profile for Use with the K-Factor......Page 49
4.1.4. Definition of the Stress Profile for Yield Load Determination......Page 54
4.2.3. Crack Shape Idealisation......Page 55
4.2.4. Interaction Effects of Multiple Cracks......Page 57
4.2.5. Crack Re-characterisation......Page 59
4.2.6. Crack Orientation and Projected Crack Depth......Page 60
4.3.1. General Remarks......Page 62
4.3.3. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) and Poisson’s Ratio......Page 63
4.3.4. Yield Strength and Tensile Strength......Page 64
4.3.6. Strain Hardening Coefficient......Page 65
4.3.7. Yield Strain (Lüders’ Strain)......Page 66
4.3.8. Tensile Data Relevant to Welds......Page 67
4.4.1. General Remarks......Page 69
4.4.2. The Fracture Toughness Transition Curve......Page 70
4.4.3. Lower Shelf Fracture Toughness......Page 72
4.4.4. Upper Shelf Fracture Toughness......Page 73
4.4.5. Ductile-to-Brittle Transition......Page 75
4.4.6. Constraint Dependency of Fracture Toughness......Page 93
4.4.7. Reference Toughness Based on Charpy Data......Page 104
5.1.1. Sources for Analytical K-Factor Solutions......Page 108
5.1.2. Types of Analytical K-Factor Solutions......Page 109
5.1.4. Treatment of Geometry Factor Solutions Available in Table Format......Page 129
5.1.5. Individual Determination of K-Factors by Finite Element or Comparable Methods......Page 130
5.2.1. Methods for the Generation of Yield Load Solutions......Page 131
5.2.2. Global vs. Local Yield Load......Page 132
5.2.3. Conservatism in Yield Load Determination......Page 133
5.2.4. Sources for Analytical Yield Load Solutions......Page 134
5.2.5. Types of Analytical Yield Load Solutions for Homogenous Components......Page 135
5.2.6. Equivalent Yield Load Solutions for Strength Mismatch Components......Page 148
6.1. Acceptable or Critical Conditions of a Component......Page 156
6.2.2. The Assessment Point (or Path)......Page 158
6.2.3. Types of FAD Analysis......Page 160
6.2.4. Non-unique Solutions......Page 161
6.3.1. The CDF Functions......Page 162
6.3.2. The Determination of the Critical Condition......Page 163
6.4.2. Option 0 (“Basic Option”)......Page 166
6.4.3. Option 1 (“Standard Option”)......Page 167
6.4.4. Option 3 (“Stress–Strain Defined Option”)......Page 170
6.5.1. Determination of the Critical Load......Page 172
6.5.2. Determination of the Critical Crack Size......Page 176
6.5.3. Determination of the Required Minimum Toughness......Page 177
6.5.4. Determination of the Instability Load (R-Curve Analysis)......Page 178
6.6.1. General Remarks......Page 181
6.6.2. The Correction Term V in the FAD and CDF Approaches......Page 182
6.6.3. The Determination of V......Page 183
6.6.4. Welding Residual Stress Profiles......Page 184
6.6.5. Examples of Analysis for Combined Primary and Secondary Stresses......Page 191
6.6.6. Further Remarks on Welding Residual Stress Profiles......Page 204
6.7.2. Example of an Assessment Including Constraint Effects......Page 207
6.8.1. General Aspects......Page 210
6.8.2. FAD Analysis......Page 212
6.9.1. General Aspects......Page 213
6.9.2. Quasi-Static vs. Dynamic Analysis......Page 215
6.9.3. Crack Arrest......Page 216
6.10.1. General Aspects......Page 217
6.10.2. Thin Wall Assessment Module......Page 219
6.10.3. Examples of Thin Wall Assessments......Page 221
6.11.1. The Strength Mismatch Phenomenon......Page 227
6.11.2. The Strength Mismatch Options......Page 229
6.11.3. Examples of Option 2 Analysis......Page 233
6.11.4. The Option 3 Mismatch Module......Page 238
6.11.5. Further Aspects of Strength Mismatch......Page 239
6.12.1. Weldment Specific K-Solutions......Page 243
6.12.2. Misalignment......Page 244
6.12.3. Example of an Assessment Taking into Account Misalignment......Page 245
6.13.1. General Aspects......Page 248
6.13.3. Reliability Analysis......Page 249
6.13.4. Example of a Simplified Reliability Analysis......Page 250
6.13.5. Partial Safety Factors......Page 254
6.14. Potential Benefit of Applying Advanced Options and Modules......Page 257
7.2. Pipelines and Pressurised Tubes......Page 260
7.3. Thin Wall Structures......Page 263
7.4. Strength Mismatched Configurations......Page 266
7.5. Failure Investigation......Page 267
References......Page 270
Appendix: “Fracture Toughness Test Standards”......Page 284
Glossary......Page 288
Index......Page 308
Fitness-for-Service Fracture Assessment of Structures Containing Cracks......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Nomenclature......Page 10
1.1. SINTAP......Page 20
1.3. The Topic of the Present Book......Page 22
2.1. General Aspects......Page 26
2.2. Ligament Yielding......Page 27
2.3. The TWI (The Welding Institute) Design Curve Approach......Page 28
2.4. The Early FAD Approach of CEGB (Central Electricity Generating Board)......Page 29
2.5. The EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) Approach......Page 30
2.6. The Reference Stress Method of CEGB......Page 31
2.7. The R6-Revision 3 Approach of CEGB......Page 32
2.8. The Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) Approach of GKSS......Page 34
2.9. The SINTAP Approach......Page 35
3.1. Fitness-for-Service......Page 38
3.2. Potential Tasks of a SINTAP/FITNET Analysis......Page 39
3.3. Multi-Optional Concept......Page 40
3.4. FAD Versus CDF Analyses......Page 43
3.5. Integrated Concept......Page 44
4.1.2. Primary and Secondary Stresses......Page 48
4.1.3. Definition of the Stress Profile for Use with the K-Factor......Page 49
4.1.4. Definition of the Stress Profile for Yield Load Determination......Page 54
4.2.3. Crack Shape Idealisation......Page 55
4.2.4. Interaction Effects of Multiple Cracks......Page 57
4.2.5. Crack Re-characterisation......Page 59
4.2.6. Crack Orientation and Projected Crack Depth......Page 60
4.3.1. General Remarks......Page 62
4.3.3. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) and Poisson’s Ratio......Page 63
4.3.4. Yield Strength and Tensile Strength......Page 64
4.3.6. Strain Hardening Coefficient......Page 65
4.3.7. Yield Strain (Lüders’ Strain)......Page 66
4.3.8. Tensile Data Relevant to Welds......Page 67
4.4.1. General Remarks......Page 69
4.4.2. The Fracture Toughness Transition Curve......Page 70
4.4.3. Lower Shelf Fracture Toughness......Page 72
4.4.4. Upper Shelf Fracture Toughness......Page 73
4.4.5. Ductile-to-Brittle Transition......Page 75
4.4.6. Constraint Dependency of Fracture Toughness......Page 93
4.4.7. Reference Toughness Based on Charpy Data......Page 104
5.1.1. Sources for Analytical K-Factor Solutions......Page 108
5.1.2. Types of Analytical K-Factor Solutions......Page 109
5.1.4. Treatment of Geometry Factor Solutions Available in Table Format......Page 129
5.1.5. Individual Determination of K-Factors by Finite Element or Comparable Methods......Page 130
5.2.1. Methods for the Generation of Yield Load Solutions......Page 131
5.2.2. Global vs. Local Yield Load......Page 132
5.2.3. Conservatism in Yield Load Determination......Page 133
5.2.4. Sources for Analytical Yield Load Solutions......Page 134
5.2.5. Types of Analytical Yield Load Solutions for Homogenous Components......Page 135
5.2.6. Equivalent Yield Load Solutions for Strength Mismatch Components......Page 148
6.1. Acceptable or Critical Conditions of a Component......Page 156
6.2.2. The Assessment Point (or Path)......Page 158
6.2.3. Types of FAD Analysis......Page 160
6.2.4. Non-unique Solutions......Page 161
6.3.1. The CDF Functions......Page 162
6.3.2. The Determination of the Critical Condition......Page 163
6.4.2. Option 0 (“Basic Option”)......Page 166
6.4.3. Option 1 (“Standard Option”)......Page 167
6.4.4. Option 3 (“Stress–Strain Defined Option”)......Page 170
6.5.1. Determination of the Critical Load......Page 172
6.5.2. Determination of the Critical Crack Size......Page 176
6.5.3. Determination of the Required Minimum Toughness......Page 177
6.5.4. Determination of the Instability Load (R-Curve Analysis)......Page 178
6.6.1. General Remarks......Page 181
6.6.2. The Correction Term V in the FAD and CDF Approaches......Page 182
6.6.3. The Determination of V......Page 183
6.6.4. Welding Residual Stress Profiles......Page 184
6.6.5. Examples of Analysis for Combined Primary and Secondary Stresses......Page 191
6.6.6. Further Remarks on Welding Residual Stress Profiles......Page 204
6.7.2. Example of an Assessment Including Constraint Effects......Page 207
6.8.1. General Aspects......Page 210
6.8.2. FAD Analysis......Page 212
6.9.1. General Aspects......Page 213
6.9.2. Quasi-Static vs. Dynamic Analysis......Page 215
6.9.3. Crack Arrest......Page 216
6.10.1. General Aspects......Page 217
6.10.2. Thin Wall Assessment Module......Page 219
6.10.3. Examples of Thin Wall Assessments......Page 221
6.11.1. The Strength Mismatch Phenomenon......Page 227
6.11.2. The Strength Mismatch Options......Page 229
6.11.3. Examples of Option 2 Analysis......Page 233
6.11.4. The Option 3 Mismatch Module......Page 238
6.11.5. Further Aspects of Strength Mismatch......Page 239
6.12.1. Weldment Specific K-Solutions......Page 243
6.12.2. Misalignment......Page 244
6.12.3. Example of an Assessment Taking into Account Misalignment......Page 245
6.13.1. General Aspects......Page 248
6.13.3. Reliability Analysis......Page 249
6.13.4. Example of a Simplified Reliability Analysis......Page 250
6.13.5. Partial Safety Factors......Page 254
6.14. Potential Benefit of Applying Advanced Options and Modules......Page 257
7.2. Pipelines and Pressurised Tubes......Page 260
7.3. Thin Wall Structures......Page 263
7.4. Strength Mismatched Configurations......Page 266
7.5. Failure Investigation......Page 267
References......Page 270
Appendix: “Fracture Toughness Test Standards”......Page 284
Glossary......Page 288
Index......Page 308
