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Front Cover
IFC
Imaging Physics:
CASE REVIEW SERIES
Series Page
Imaging Physics:
CASE REVIEW SERIES
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 - RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
CASE 1.1
ANSWERS
Focal Spot
Comment
CASE 1.2
ANSWERS
Tube Output and Mottle
Comment
CASE 1.3
ANSWERS
Beam Quality and Contrast
Comment
CASE 1.4
ANSWERS
Exposure Time and Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
CASE 1.5
ANSWERS
Heel Effect
Comment
CASE 1.6
ANSWERS
Grids
Comment
CASE 1.7
ANSWERS
Imaging Plates and Resolution
Comment
CASE 1.8
ANSWERS
Artifacts
Comment
CASE 1.9
ANSWERS
Radiographic Techniques and Diagnostic Task
Comment
CASE 1.10
ANSWERS
Incident Air Kerma and Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
2 - MAMMOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Case 2.1
ANSWERS
Diagnostic Task
Comment
CASE 2.2
ANSWERS
X-Ray Tube
Comment
CASE 2.3
ANSWERS
X-Ray Generator
Comment
CASE 2.4
ANSWERS
X-Ray Beam Quality
Comment
CASE 2.5
ANSWERS
Compression and Breast Composition
Comment
CASE 2.6
ANSWERS
Grids, Detectors, and Image Display
Comment
CASE 2.7
ANSWERS
Magnification Mammography and Breast Tomosynthesis
Comment
CASE 2.8
ANSWERS
Image Quality and Artifacts
Comment
CASE 2.9
ANSWERS
Mammography Quality Standards Act
Comment
CASE 2.10
ANSWERS
Dose and Risk
Comment
References
3 - FLUOROSCOPY WITH IMAGE INTENSIFIERS
CASE 3.1
ANSWERS
Image Intensifiers
Comment
CASE 3.2
ANSWERS
Television Systems
Comment
CASE 3.3
ANSWERS
Imaging Chain
Comment
CASE 3.4
ANSWERS
Pulsed Fluoroscopy and Fluoroscopy Times
Comment
CASE 3.5
ANSWERS
Electronic Magnification
Comment
CASE 3.6
ANSWERS
Digital Fluoroscopy and Fluoroscopy Techniques
Comment
CASE 3.7
ANSWERS
Fluoroscopic and Diagnostic Images
Comment
CASE 3.8
ANSWERS
Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
CASE 3.9
ANSWERS
Contrast Media, Quality, and Artifacts
Comment
CASE 3.10
ANSWERS
Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
4 - INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY WITH FLAT PANEL DETECTORS
CASE 4.1
ANSWERS
Flat Panel Detector Systems
Comment
CASE 4.2
ANSWERS
Fluoroscopy With Flat Panel Detectors
Comment
CASE 4.3
ANSWERS
Flat Panel Detectors Versus Image Intensifiers
Comment
CASE 4.4
ANSWERS
Irradiating Patients
Comment
CASE 4.5
ANSWERS
Equipment Safety
Comment
CASE 4.6
ANSWERS
Protective Clothing
Comment
CASE 4.7
ANSWERS
Operator Doses
Comment
CASE 4.8
ANSWERS
Air Kerma at the Interventional Reference Point
Comment
CASE 4.9
ANSWERS
Kerma Area Product in Interventional Radiology
Comment
CASE 4.10
ANSWERS
Interpreting Interventional Reference Point Air Kerma and Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
5 - Computed Tomography Basics
Case 5.1
Answers
Image Data Acquisition
Comment
Case 5.2
Answers
Image Reconstruction
Comment
Case 5.3
Answers
Hounsfield Units
Comment
Case 5.4
Answers
X-Ray Tubes
Case 5.5
Answers
Generators and Energy Deposition
Comment
Case 5.6
Answers
Detectors
Comment
Case 5.7
Answers
Helical Computed Tomography
Comment
Case 5.8
Answers
Computed Tomography Images
Comment
Case 5.9
Answers
Display
Comment
Case 5.10
Answers
Quantity and Quality
Comment
Case 5.11
Answers
Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
References
6 - COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
CASE 6.1
ANSWERS
Adult Head
Comment
CASE 6.2
ANSWERS
Adult Body
Comment
CASE 6.3
ANSWERS
Patient Size and X-Ray Transmission
Comment
CASE 6.4
ANSWERS
Pediatric Computed Tomography
Comment
CASE 6.5
ANSWERS
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Comment
CASE 6.6
ANSWERS
Dual Source and Dual Energy
Comment
CASE 6.7
ANSWERS
Lesion Contrast
Comment
CASE 6.8
ANSWERS
CT Image Noise
Comment
CASE 6.9
ANSWERS
Spatial Resolution
Comment
CASE 6.10
ANSWERS
Temporal Resolution
Comment
CASE 6.11
ANSWERS
Artifacts
Comment
References
7 - GAMMA CAMERAS
CASE 7.1
ANSWERS
Nuclear Structure
Comment
CASE 7.2
ANSWERS
Beta and Alpha Decay
Comment
CASE 7.3
ANSWERS
Isomeric Transitions and Activity
Comment
CASE 7.4
ANSWERS
Radionuclide Generators
Comment
CASE 7.5
ANSWERS
Scintillators
Comment
CASE 7.6
ANSWERS
Detectors in Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 7.7
ANSWERS
Gamma Cameras
Comment
CASE 7.8
ANSWERS
Collimators
Comment
CASE 7.9
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Quality Control
Comment
CASE 7.10
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Image Quality
Comment
CASE 7.11
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Artifacts
Comment
CASE 7.12
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Protocols
Comment
References
8 - SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
CASE 8.1
ANSWERS
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Image Acquisition
Comment
CASE 8.2
ANSWERS
SPECT Image Reconstruction
Comment
CASE 8.3
ANSWERS
SPECT Protocols
Comment
CASE 8.4
ANSWERS
CT and SPECT
Comment
CASE 8.5
ANSWERS
SPECT Image Quality
Comment
CASE 8.6
ANSWERS
PET Detectors
Comment
CASE 8.7
ANSWERS
Image Acquisition
Comment
CASE 8.8
ANSWERS
Imaging Modes
Comment
CASE 8.9
ANSWERS
CT in PET
Comment
CASE 8.10
ANSWERS
PET Image Quality
Comment
CASE 8.11
ANSWERS
PET/CT Quality Control
Comment
CASE 8.12
ANSWERS
PET Artifacts
References
9 - MAGNETIC RESONANCE BASICS
Case 9.1
ANSWERS
Magnetism
Comment
CASE 9.2
ANSWERS
Nuclei in Magnetic Fields
Comment
CASE 9.3
ANSWERS
Magnetic Resonance
Comment
CASE 9.4
ANSWERS
Free Induction Decay
Comment
CASE 9.5
ANSWERS
T1 Relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.6
ANSWERS
T2 Relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.7
ANSWERS
T2* relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.8
ANSWERS
Spin Echoes
Comment
CASE 9.9
ANSWERS
Spatial Localization
Comment
CASE 9.10
ANSWERS
Data Acquisition
Comment
CASE 9.11
ANSWERS
K-Space and MR Images
Comment
CASE 9.12
ANSWERS
Instrumentation
Comment
References
10 - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
CASE 10.1
ANSWERS
Spin Echo Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.2
ANSWERS
T1 and T2 Weighting
Comment
CASE 10.3
ANSWERS
Gradient Recalled Echoes
Comment
CASE 10.4
ANSWERS
GRE Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.5
ANSWERS
Inversion Recovery
Comment
CASE 10.6
ANSWERS
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.7
ANSWERS
Angiography (Gadolinium Contrast)
Comment
CASE 10.8
ANSWERS
Time-of-Flight and Phase Contrast Angiography
Comment
CASE 10.9
ANSWERS
Advanced MRI
Comment
CASE 10.10
ANSWERS
Resolution and Contrast
Comment
CASE 10.11
ANSWERS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Comment
CASE 10.12
ANSWERS
Artifacts
References
11 - ULTRASOUND BASICS
CASE 11.1
ANSWERS
Sound
Comment
CASE 11.2
ANSWERS
Interactions
Comment
CASE 11.3
ANSWERS
Impedance and Attenuation
Comment
CASE 11.4
ANSWERS
Piezoelectric Transducers
Comment
CASE 11.5
ANSWERS
Single Transducers
Comment
CASE 11.6
ANSWERS
Linear and Convex Arrays
Comment
CASE 11.7
ANSWERS
Annular and Phased Arrays
Comment
CASE 11.8
ANSWERS
Lines of Sight
Comment
CASE 11.9
ANSWERS
Depth Compensation and Frame Rates
Comment
CASE 11.10
ANSWERS
Image Display
Comment
References
12 - ULTRASOUND IMAGING AND DOPPLER
CASE 12.1
ANSWERS
Clinical Transducers
Comment
CASE 12.2
ANSWERS
Advanced Techniques
Comment
CASE 12.3
ANSWERS
Doppler Physics
Comment
CASE 12.4
ANSWERS
Flow and Spectral Doppler
Comment
CASE 12.5
ANSWERS
Color and Power Doppler
Comment
CASE 12.6
ANSWERS
Doppler Artifacts
Comment
CASE 12.7
ANSWERS
Resolution
Comment
CASE 12.8
ANSWERS
Intensities in Ultrasound
Comment
CASE 12.9
ANSWERS
Image Artifacts
Comment
CASE 12.10
ANSWERS
Quality Control
Comment
References
13 - RADIATION DOSES
CASE 13.1
ANSWERS
Organ Doses
Comment
CASE 13.2
ANSWERS
Skin Doses
Comment
CASE 13.3
ANSWERS
Conceptus Doses
Comment
CASE 13.4
ANSWERS
Effective Dose
Comment
CASE 13.5
ANSWERS
Effective Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy
Comments
CASE 13.6
ANSWERS
Effective Dose in CT
Comment
CASE 13.7
ANSWERS
Pediatric Effective Doses
Comment
CASE 13.8
ANSWERS
Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 13.9
ANSWERS
Therapeutic Agents
Comment
CASE 13.10
ANSWERS
US Population Doses
Comment
References
14 - RADIATION SAFETY
CASE 14.1
ANSWERS
Advisory Bodies
Comments
CASE 14.2
ANSWERS
Radiation Risks
Comment
CASE 14.3
ANSWERS
US Regulatory Bodies
Comment
CASE 14.4
ANSWERS
Regulatory Dose Limits
Comment
CASE 14.5
ANSWERS
Protecting Workers
Comment
CASE 14.6
ANSWERS
Protecting Patients
Comment
CASE 14.7
ANSWERS
Protection in Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 14.8
ANSWERS
Radiation Accidents and Terrorism
Comment
CASE 14.9
ANSWERS
MR Safety
Comment
CASE 14.10
ANSWERS
Ultrasound Safety
References
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
IBC
IFC
Imaging Physics:
CASE REVIEW SERIES
Series Page
Imaging Physics:
CASE REVIEW SERIES
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 - RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
CASE 1.1
ANSWERS
Focal Spot
Comment
CASE 1.2
ANSWERS
Tube Output and Mottle
Comment
CASE 1.3
ANSWERS
Beam Quality and Contrast
Comment
CASE 1.4
ANSWERS
Exposure Time and Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
CASE 1.5
ANSWERS
Heel Effect
Comment
CASE 1.6
ANSWERS
Grids
Comment
CASE 1.7
ANSWERS
Imaging Plates and Resolution
Comment
CASE 1.8
ANSWERS
Artifacts
Comment
CASE 1.9
ANSWERS
Radiographic Techniques and Diagnostic Task
Comment
CASE 1.10
ANSWERS
Incident Air Kerma and Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
2 - MAMMOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Case 2.1
ANSWERS
Diagnostic Task
Comment
CASE 2.2
ANSWERS
X-Ray Tube
Comment
CASE 2.3
ANSWERS
X-Ray Generator
Comment
CASE 2.4
ANSWERS
X-Ray Beam Quality
Comment
CASE 2.5
ANSWERS
Compression and Breast Composition
Comment
CASE 2.6
ANSWERS
Grids, Detectors, and Image Display
Comment
CASE 2.7
ANSWERS
Magnification Mammography and Breast Tomosynthesis
Comment
CASE 2.8
ANSWERS
Image Quality and Artifacts
Comment
CASE 2.9
ANSWERS
Mammography Quality Standards Act
Comment
CASE 2.10
ANSWERS
Dose and Risk
Comment
References
3 - FLUOROSCOPY WITH IMAGE INTENSIFIERS
CASE 3.1
ANSWERS
Image Intensifiers
Comment
CASE 3.2
ANSWERS
Television Systems
Comment
CASE 3.3
ANSWERS
Imaging Chain
Comment
CASE 3.4
ANSWERS
Pulsed Fluoroscopy and Fluoroscopy Times
Comment
CASE 3.5
ANSWERS
Electronic Magnification
Comment
CASE 3.6
ANSWERS
Digital Fluoroscopy and Fluoroscopy Techniques
Comment
CASE 3.7
ANSWERS
Fluoroscopic and Diagnostic Images
Comment
CASE 3.8
ANSWERS
Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
CASE 3.9
ANSWERS
Contrast Media, Quality, and Artifacts
Comment
CASE 3.10
ANSWERS
Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
4 - INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY WITH FLAT PANEL DETECTORS
CASE 4.1
ANSWERS
Flat Panel Detector Systems
Comment
CASE 4.2
ANSWERS
Fluoroscopy With Flat Panel Detectors
Comment
CASE 4.3
ANSWERS
Flat Panel Detectors Versus Image Intensifiers
Comment
CASE 4.4
ANSWERS
Irradiating Patients
Comment
CASE 4.5
ANSWERS
Equipment Safety
Comment
CASE 4.6
ANSWERS
Protective Clothing
Comment
CASE 4.7
ANSWERS
Operator Doses
Comment
CASE 4.8
ANSWERS
Air Kerma at the Interventional Reference Point
Comment
CASE 4.9
ANSWERS
Kerma Area Product in Interventional Radiology
Comment
CASE 4.10
ANSWERS
Interpreting Interventional Reference Point Air Kerma and Kerma Area Product
Comment
References
5 - Computed Tomography Basics
Case 5.1
Answers
Image Data Acquisition
Comment
Case 5.2
Answers
Image Reconstruction
Comment
Case 5.3
Answers
Hounsfield Units
Comment
Case 5.4
Answers
X-Ray Tubes
Case 5.5
Answers
Generators and Energy Deposition
Comment
Case 5.6
Answers
Detectors
Comment
Case 5.7
Answers
Helical Computed Tomography
Comment
Case 5.8
Answers
Computed Tomography Images
Comment
Case 5.9
Answers
Display
Comment
Case 5.10
Answers
Quantity and Quality
Comment
Case 5.11
Answers
Automatic Exposure Control
Comment
References
6 - COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
CASE 6.1
ANSWERS
Adult Head
Comment
CASE 6.2
ANSWERS
Adult Body
Comment
CASE 6.3
ANSWERS
Patient Size and X-Ray Transmission
Comment
CASE 6.4
ANSWERS
Pediatric Computed Tomography
Comment
CASE 6.5
ANSWERS
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Comment
CASE 6.6
ANSWERS
Dual Source and Dual Energy
Comment
CASE 6.7
ANSWERS
Lesion Contrast
Comment
CASE 6.8
ANSWERS
CT Image Noise
Comment
CASE 6.9
ANSWERS
Spatial Resolution
Comment
CASE 6.10
ANSWERS
Temporal Resolution
Comment
CASE 6.11
ANSWERS
Artifacts
Comment
References
7 - GAMMA CAMERAS
CASE 7.1
ANSWERS
Nuclear Structure
Comment
CASE 7.2
ANSWERS
Beta and Alpha Decay
Comment
CASE 7.3
ANSWERS
Isomeric Transitions and Activity
Comment
CASE 7.4
ANSWERS
Radionuclide Generators
Comment
CASE 7.5
ANSWERS
Scintillators
Comment
CASE 7.6
ANSWERS
Detectors in Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 7.7
ANSWERS
Gamma Cameras
Comment
CASE 7.8
ANSWERS
Collimators
Comment
CASE 7.9
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Quality Control
Comment
CASE 7.10
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Image Quality
Comment
CASE 7.11
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Artifacts
Comment
CASE 7.12
ANSWERS
Gamma Camera Protocols
Comment
References
8 - SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
CASE 8.1
ANSWERS
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Image Acquisition
Comment
CASE 8.2
ANSWERS
SPECT Image Reconstruction
Comment
CASE 8.3
ANSWERS
SPECT Protocols
Comment
CASE 8.4
ANSWERS
CT and SPECT
Comment
CASE 8.5
ANSWERS
SPECT Image Quality
Comment
CASE 8.6
ANSWERS
PET Detectors
Comment
CASE 8.7
ANSWERS
Image Acquisition
Comment
CASE 8.8
ANSWERS
Imaging Modes
Comment
CASE 8.9
ANSWERS
CT in PET
Comment
CASE 8.10
ANSWERS
PET Image Quality
Comment
CASE 8.11
ANSWERS
PET/CT Quality Control
Comment
CASE 8.12
ANSWERS
PET Artifacts
References
9 - MAGNETIC RESONANCE BASICS
Case 9.1
ANSWERS
Magnetism
Comment
CASE 9.2
ANSWERS
Nuclei in Magnetic Fields
Comment
CASE 9.3
ANSWERS
Magnetic Resonance
Comment
CASE 9.4
ANSWERS
Free Induction Decay
Comment
CASE 9.5
ANSWERS
T1 Relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.6
ANSWERS
T2 Relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.7
ANSWERS
T2* relaxation
Comment
CASE 9.8
ANSWERS
Spin Echoes
Comment
CASE 9.9
ANSWERS
Spatial Localization
Comment
CASE 9.10
ANSWERS
Data Acquisition
Comment
CASE 9.11
ANSWERS
K-Space and MR Images
Comment
CASE 9.12
ANSWERS
Instrumentation
Comment
References
10 - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
CASE 10.1
ANSWERS
Spin Echo Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.2
ANSWERS
T1 and T2 Weighting
Comment
CASE 10.3
ANSWERS
Gradient Recalled Echoes
Comment
CASE 10.4
ANSWERS
GRE Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.5
ANSWERS
Inversion Recovery
Comment
CASE 10.6
ANSWERS
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Comment
CASE 10.7
ANSWERS
Angiography (Gadolinium Contrast)
Comment
CASE 10.8
ANSWERS
Time-of-Flight and Phase Contrast Angiography
Comment
CASE 10.9
ANSWERS
Advanced MRI
Comment
CASE 10.10
ANSWERS
Resolution and Contrast
Comment
CASE 10.11
ANSWERS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Comment
CASE 10.12
ANSWERS
Artifacts
References
11 - ULTRASOUND BASICS
CASE 11.1
ANSWERS
Sound
Comment
CASE 11.2
ANSWERS
Interactions
Comment
CASE 11.3
ANSWERS
Impedance and Attenuation
Comment
CASE 11.4
ANSWERS
Piezoelectric Transducers
Comment
CASE 11.5
ANSWERS
Single Transducers
Comment
CASE 11.6
ANSWERS
Linear and Convex Arrays
Comment
CASE 11.7
ANSWERS
Annular and Phased Arrays
Comment
CASE 11.8
ANSWERS
Lines of Sight
Comment
CASE 11.9
ANSWERS
Depth Compensation and Frame Rates
Comment
CASE 11.10
ANSWERS
Image Display
Comment
References
12 - ULTRASOUND IMAGING AND DOPPLER
CASE 12.1
ANSWERS
Clinical Transducers
Comment
CASE 12.2
ANSWERS
Advanced Techniques
Comment
CASE 12.3
ANSWERS
Doppler Physics
Comment
CASE 12.4
ANSWERS
Flow and Spectral Doppler
Comment
CASE 12.5
ANSWERS
Color and Power Doppler
Comment
CASE 12.6
ANSWERS
Doppler Artifacts
Comment
CASE 12.7
ANSWERS
Resolution
Comment
CASE 12.8
ANSWERS
Intensities in Ultrasound
Comment
CASE 12.9
ANSWERS
Image Artifacts
Comment
CASE 12.10
ANSWERS
Quality Control
Comment
References
13 - RADIATION DOSES
CASE 13.1
ANSWERS
Organ Doses
Comment
CASE 13.2
ANSWERS
Skin Doses
Comment
CASE 13.3
ANSWERS
Conceptus Doses
Comment
CASE 13.4
ANSWERS
Effective Dose
Comment
CASE 13.5
ANSWERS
Effective Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy
Comments
CASE 13.6
ANSWERS
Effective Dose in CT
Comment
CASE 13.7
ANSWERS
Pediatric Effective Doses
Comment
CASE 13.8
ANSWERS
Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 13.9
ANSWERS
Therapeutic Agents
Comment
CASE 13.10
ANSWERS
US Population Doses
Comment
References
14 - RADIATION SAFETY
CASE 14.1
ANSWERS
Advisory Bodies
Comments
CASE 14.2
ANSWERS
Radiation Risks
Comment
CASE 14.3
ANSWERS
US Regulatory Bodies
Comment
CASE 14.4
ANSWERS
Regulatory Dose Limits
Comment
CASE 14.5
ANSWERS
Protecting Workers
Comment
CASE 14.6
ANSWERS
Protecting Patients
Comment
CASE 14.7
ANSWERS
Protection in Nuclear Medicine
Comment
CASE 14.8
ANSWERS
Radiation Accidents and Terrorism
Comment
CASE 14.9
ANSWERS
MR Safety
Comment
CASE 14.10
ANSWERS
Ultrasound Safety
References
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
IBC
