فهرست مطالب
Series Editor Preface\nIntroduction\n Reference\nContents\nEditors and Contributors\n1 Short History of Geomorphological Research and Geomorphological Division of Slovakia\n Abstract\n 1.1 Geomorphological Research\n 1.2 Geomorphological Division of Slovakia\n References\nPhysical Environment\n2 Outline of Geology and Cenozoic Evolution of Slovakia\n Abstract\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Tectonic Subdivision\n 2.3 Palaeogeographic Subdivision\n 2.4 Outline of the Palaeogeographic and Palaeotectonic Evolution\n 2.4.1 Palaeoalpine Tectonic Evolution\n 2.4.2 Eoalpine and Neoalpine Tectonic Evolution\n 2.5 Paleogene Evolution\n 2.5.1 Paleocene\n 2.5.2 Eocene\n 2.5.3 Oligocene\n 2.6 Neogene Evolution\n 2.6.1 Early Miocene\n 2.6.2 Middle Miocene\n 2.6.3 Late Miocene to Pliocene\n 2.7 Summary and Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n3 Climate in the Past and Present in the Slovak Landscapes—The Central European Context\n Abstract\n 3.1 Introduction\n 3.2 Climate in the Mesozoic\n 3.3 Climate in the Palaeogene and Neogene\n 3.4 Climate of the Pleistocene\n 3.4.1 Period until the Last Glacial Maximum\n 3.4.2 Ice Sheets\n 3.4.3 Mountain Glaciers\n 3.4.4 Period after the Last Glacial Maximum\n 3.5 The Climate in the Holocene\n 3.5.1 Period to the Beginning of Meteorological Measurements\n 3.5.2 Period from the Start of Meteorological Measurements to the Present\n Acknowledgements\n References\n4 Geomorphological History of Slovak Landscape\n Abstract\n 4.1 Introduction—Turning Points of Geomorphological Evolution\n 4.2 Pre-Pleistocene Development\n 4.2.1 Western Carpathians Dome and The Emergence of the Pannonian Basin\n 4.2.2 Drainage Basin Development\n 4.2.2.1 Váh River Basin\n 4.2.2.2 Hron River Basin\n 4.2.3 Antecedent and Epigenetic Valleys\n 4.2.4 Karst Landscape\n 4.3 Pleistocene/Early Holocene Imprints on Landscape\n 4.3.1 Glaciers, Glacio-Fluvial Fans and Tarns\n 4.3.2 River Terraces\n 4.3.3 Sackungen and Pseudokarst Caves\n 4.3.4 Sand Dunes, Loess Tables and Other Periglacial Landforms\n 4.4 Holocene History\n 4.5 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\nLandscapes and Landforms\n5 Unique Glacial Landscape on the Roof of the Carpathians—Tatras Mts.\n Abstract\n 5.1 Localization of the Tatra Mountains\n 5.2 Glacial Landforms\n 5.3 Periglacial Landforms\n 5.4 Recent Geomorphic Processes\n 5.5 Tourism and Its Geomorphological Impact\n Acknowledgements\n References\n6 The Longest and the Most Symmetrical Mountain Ridge of Slovakia—Low Tatra Mts.\n Abstract\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.2 Geology and Development\n 6.3 Karst Landforms\n 6.4 Glacial Landforms\n 6.5 Sackungen\n 6.6 Avalanches\n 6.7 Human Impact on the Low Tatra Landscape\n 6.8 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n7 Horst Structure and Planation Surfaces—Little Carpathians Mts.\n Abstract\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.2 Structural Conditions in Relation to Relief\n 7.3 Morphostructures of Little Carpathians Mts.\n 7.3.1 Devín Carpathians Unit\n 7.3.2 Pezinské Carpathians—Southern Unit\n 7.3.3 Pezinské Carpathians—Core Unit\n 7.3.4 Pezinské Carpathians—Northern Unit\n 7.3.5 Brezovské Carpathians Unit\n 7.3.6 Čachtické Carpathians Unit\n 7.4 Neotectonic Development of the Little Carpathians\n 7.5 Little Carpathians as a Historical Borderland Area\n Acknowledgements\n References\n8 Genesis and Development of the Volcanic Landscape in the Slovenské stredohorie Mts.\n Abstract\n 8.1 Introduction\n 8.2 Methodology\n 8.3 Geological Structure and Development of Neovolcanites in the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field\n 8.3.1 Distribution and Age\n 8.3.2 Štiavnica Stratovolcano and Putikov vŕšok Volcano\n 8.3.3 Volcanites of the Vtáčnik and Kremnické vrchy Mountain Ranges\n 8.3.4 Volcanites of Javorie Mts. and Poľana Mts.\n 8.3.5 Volcanites of the Krupinská planina Plateau\n 8.4 Post-Volcanic Transformation of Landform of the Slovenské stredohorie\n 8.4.1 Morphostructures of the Central Part of the Slovenské stredohorie\n 8.4.1.1 The Štiavnické vrchy Mts.\n 8.4.1.2 The Pliešovská kotlina Basin\n 8.4.2 Morphostructures of the Western Part of the Slovenské stredohorie\n 8.4.2.1 The Kremnické vrchy Mts.\n 8.4.2.2 Vtáčnik Mts.\n 8.5 Water Gaps of the River Hron, Žiarska kotlina Basin and Pohronský Inovec Mts.\n 8.6 Morphostructures of the Eastern Part of the Slovenské stredohorie\n 8.6.1 Poľana Mts.\n 8.6.2 The Zvolenská kotlina Basin\n 8.6.3 The Javorie Mts.\n 8.6.4 The Krupinská planina and Ostrôžky Plateaus\n 8.7 Conclusion\n References\n9 Polygenetic Relief in the Foreland of Glacially Sculptured Mountains—Podtatranská kotlina Basin\n Abstract\n 9.1 Introduction\n 9.2 Geographical and Geomorphological Settings\n 9.3 Geological Settings and Tectonics\n 9.4 Selected Geomorphosites—Keys to the Study of the Basin Evolution\n 9.4.1 Karst Landforms\n 9.4.2 Veľká Žltá stena Outcrop\n 9.4.3 The Dúbrava Crest: Evidence of Neotectonic Activity\n 9.5 Evolution of Polygenetic Relief of the Podtatranská kotlina Basin\n 9.5.1 Miocene–Pliocene (sim23–2.6 Ma)\n 9.5.2 Pliocene–Pleistocene Transition\n 9.5.3 Early Pleistocene (Praetiglian–Bavelian Complex, MIS 100–20)\n 9.5.4 Middle Pleistocene (Cromerian–Saalian Complex, MIS 19–6)\n 9.5.5 Late Pleistocene (Eemian–Weichselian Complex) to Holocene (MIS 5–1)\n 9.6 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n10 Limestone Klippen Belt—Atypical Landforms in Flysch Uplands\n Abstract\n 10.1 Introduction\n 10.2 Composition and Geological Structure of the Klippen Belt\n 10.3 Earlier Classifications of Klippen Forms\n 10.4 Factors Controlling the Klippen Forms\n 10.4.1 Sedimentary Klippen—Olistoliths\n 10.4.2 Tectonic Klippen\n 10.5 Landscape of the Pieniny Klippen Belt\n 10.6 Natural and Cultural Value of the PKB\n 10.7 Touristic Promotion\n 10.8 Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n References\n11 Results of the Morphotectonics and Fluvial Activity of Intramountain Basins: The Turčianska Kotlina and Žiarska Kotlina Basins\n Abstract\n 11.1 Introduction\n 11.2 Physical Geographic Settings\n 11.2.1 The Žiarska Kotlina Basin\n 11.2.2 The Turčianska Kotlina Basin\n 11.3 The Žiarska Kotlina Basin\n 11.3.1 The Formation of Initial Relief (Pliocene)\n 11.3.2 Fluvial Activity During the Quaternary\n 11.3.3 Thickness of Quaternary Deposits\n 11.3.4 Gully Network and Slope Deformations\n 11.4 The Turčianska Kotlina Basin and Its Surroundings\n 11.4.1 Overwiev of Geomorphological Research\n 11.4.2 Geological and Geomorphological Settings\n 11.4.2.1 The Core Mountains\n 11.4.2.2 The Neovolcanic Kremnické Vrchy Mts.\n 11.4.2.3 The Turčianska Kotlina Basin\n 11.4.3 The Morphostructural Analysis\n 11.4.4 Morphotectonics and Human Activities\n 11.5 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n12 Inland Delta and Its Two Large Rivers: Danube Plain, the Danube and Váh Rivers\n Abstract\n 12.1 Introduction\n 12.2 Geology and Tectonics of the Danube Plain\n 12.3 Plain Landforms\n 12.3.1 Würm Terraces and Levees\n 12.3.2 Late Würm/Holocene Landforms\n 12.3.3 Holocene Floodplain\n 12.3.4 Anthropocene Floodplain and Recent Development of the Danube Riverine Landscape\n 12.3.5 Anthropocene Floodplain and Recent Development of the Váh Riverine Landscape\n 12.4 “New” Danube Plain\n Acknowledgements\n References\n13 Unique Floodplain and Aeolian Landforms: Záhorská Nížina Lowland\n Abstract\n 13.1 Introduction\n 13.2 Geographical and Geomorphological Setting\n 13.3 Fluvial and Proluvial Sediments and Landforms\n 13.4 Aeolian Landforms\n 13.5 Protection of Landscapes\n 13.6 Conclusion\n Acknowledgement\n References\n14 Fan-Shaped Drainage Network, Glacis and Loess Tables: Východoslovenská Nížina Lowland\n Abstract\n 14.1 Introduction\n 14.2 Geomorphology, Geology and Tectonic Development\n 14.3 Tectono-Sedimentary and Geomorphic Evolution During the Quaternary Period\n 14.4 Spatial Structure of the Soil Cover of the Eastern Slovak Lowland\n 14.5 Landscape, Man and Water Management\n 14.6 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n15 A Unique Braided-Wandering River in Slovakia: Recent Development and Future of the Belá River\n Abstract\n 15.1 Introduction\n 15.2 The Belá River as a Study Area\n 15.3 Anthropogenic Impact\n 15.4 Recent Bio-morphological Evolution of the Belá River’s Active Zone\n 15.5 Notes on River Management\n Acknowledgements\n References\n16 Fluvial Imprints in Flysh Valley Bottoms—Topľa and Ondava Valleys\n Abstract\n 16.1 Introduction\n 16.2 Regional Settings\n 16.3 Fluvial Dynamics on Valleys Floor: Channel Planform Evolution by Old Aerial Images\n 16.4 Bank Erosion Hazards and Riverbank Undercuts\n 16.5 Valleys Floor Reworking: Power of River\n 16.6 River and People: Questions in Rivers Management\n 16.7 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n17 Slovak Karst: Surface and Subsurface Geodiversity of the Karst Plateau in the Temperate Climate Zone\n Abstract\n 17.1 Introduction\n 17.2 Location and General Characteristics\n 17.3 Geological and Geographical Settings\n 17.4 Karst Evolution\n 17.4.1 Beginnings of Sedimentary Basin Origin of the Slovak Karst\n 17.4.2 Rifting of Carbonate Platform and the Origin of the Meliata Ocean\n 17.4.3 Carbonate Platform on Triassic Shelf\n 17.4.4 Jurassic Sea and the Origin of the Oldest Paleokarst Phenomenon in the Silica Nappe\n 17.4.5 Movement of the Silica Nappe\n 17.4.6 The Cretaceous Paleokarst\n 17.4.7 Blocks Movement in the Cenozoic and Its Consequence\n 17.4.8 Planation of Karst Relief\n 17.4.9 Uplift of the Slovak Karst\n 17.4.9.1 Gravel Deposition and the Late Tertiary and Quaternary Tectonic Movements\n 17.5 Surface Landforms\n 17.5.1 Karren\n 17.5.2 Dolines\n 17.5.3 Uvalas\n 17.5.4 Inactive Poljes\n 17.5.5 Blind Valleys\n 17.5.6 Dry Valleys\n 17.5.7 Fluviokarst Valleys\n 17.5.8 Karst Ridges and Cone Hills\n 17.6 Underground Geodiversity\n 17.6.1 Cave Morphology and Origin\n 17.6.2 Variability of Cave Deposits\n 17.7 Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n References\n18 Slovenský Raj—The Land of Karst Plateaus, Gorges and Waterfalls\n Abstract\n 18.1 Introduction\n 18.2 Geographical Setting\n 18.3 Geology\n 18.4 Geomorphological Landscapes—An Overview\n 18.4.1 Subdivision\n 18.4.2 Karst Plateaus\n 18.4.3 Landscape Evolution\n 18.5 Hornád Gorge\n 18.6 Tributary Gorges of the Northern Part of Slovenský Raj\n 18.6.1 Occurrence and Characteristic Features\n 18.6.2 Suchá Belá\n 18.6.3 Sokolia Dolina\n 18.6.4 Vel’ký Sokol\n 18.7 Dobšiná Ice Cave\n 18.8 Conservation and Tourism\n 18.9 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n19 Permanent Gullies as Important Indicators of Past Environmental Changes\n Abstract\n 19.1 Introduction: Brief Outline of Major Topics in Geomorphic Research of Gullies in Slovakia\n 19.2 The Country-Wide Level: Spatial Organization and Density of Gullies in Slovakia\n 19.3 The Regional Level: The Myjava Hilly Land\n 19.3.1 Natural Conditions, Settlement and Land Use History\n 19.3.2 Shape and Dimensions of Gullies\n 19.3.3 Spatial Organization of Gullies in Relation to Topography and Land Use\n 19.3.4 Dating of Gully Formation and Outline of Their Spatial Development in Time\n 19.3.5 Influence of Land Use and Climate Changes on Gully Formation\n 19.4 The Site Level: Selected Gullies at Prašice, Babikovce, Rybník, Bardejov and Veľký Šariš\n 19.4.1 The Prašice Gully Site\n 19.4.1.1 Location, Natural Conditions, Land Use History\n 19.4.1.2 Development of Gully System\n 19.4.2 The Babikovce Gully Site\n 19.4.2.1 Location, Natural Conditions, Settlement and Land Use History\n 19.4.2.2 Development of Gully System\n 19.4.3 The Rybník Gully Site\n 19.4.3.1 Location, Natural Conditions, Settlement and Land Use History\n 19.4.3.2 Development of Gully System\n 19.4.4 The Bardejov and Veľký Šariš Gully Sites: Modelling and Simulation of Gully Erosion\n 19.4.4.1 Location, Natural Conditions, Land Use History and Age of Gullies\n 19.4.4.2 Modelling and Simulation of Gully Erosion Using Geographic Information Systems\n 19.5 Conclusions\n Acknowledgements\n References\n20 Landslides in Slovakia—Spatial Diversity, Activity and Impacts on Society\n Abstract\n 20.1 Introduction\n 20.2 Geomorphological and Tectonic Conditions for Mass Wasting Development in Slovakia\n 20.3 Slope Failure Distribution Within Geomorphological Units of Slovakia\n 20.4 Slope Failure Distribution Within Categories of Altitude and Slope\n 20.5 Atlas of Slope Stability Maps SR at Scale 1: 50,000\n 20.6 Brief Presentation of the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the SR at Scale 1: 50,000\n 20.6.1 Slope Stability Zoning Maps\n 20.6.2 Inventory Sheets (Passports) of Slope Deformations\n 20.6.3 Slope Deformations Occurrence\n 20.6.4 Slope Deformation Distribution in the Engineering-Geological Regions and Areas\n 20.6.5 Slope Deformations Distribution In territorial-Administrative Units (Regions)\n 20.6.6 Threat for Buildings and Other Objects\n 20.6.7 Application of the Results of the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps SR at Scale 1:50,000 in Practice\n 20.7 Slope Failures Research After Publication of the Atlas\n 20.8 Conclusions\n References\nGeoheritage and Landscape Protection\n21 Geoheritage, Historical and Cultural Landscape and Its Protection in Slovakia\n Abstract\n 21.1 Introduction\n 21.2 Geodiversity, Geoheritage and Geosites\n 21.3 Geoheritage Values\n 21.4 Geoheritage Protection—Geoconservation\n 21.5 Geoheritage of Slovakia—Geomorphological Localities\n 21.5.1 Karst Landforms\n 21.5.2 Fluvial Landforms\n 21.5.3 Glacial Landforms\n 21.5.4 Volcanic Landforms\n 21.5.5 Eolic Landforms\n 21.5.6 Mass Movement Landforms\n 21.5.7 Geomorpholohical Heritage Within Another Geoheritage Sites\n 21.6 Protection of Geoheritage in Slovakia\n 21.6.1 History of Geoheritage Protection\n 21.6.2 Recent Geoheritage Protection\n 21.7 Historical and Cultural Landscape of Slovakia\n 21.7.1 General Features of Historical Landscape Structures\n 21.7.2 Effects of Historical Activities on Changes of Landscape\n 21.7.3 Protection of Historical Landscape Structures in Slovakia\n 21.8 Future Perspectives of Geoheritage and Landscape Protection in Slovakia\n Acknowledgements\n References\n22 Geotourism and Geoparks—Promoting Geoheritage and Geodiversity to People\n Abstract\n 22.1 Introduction\n 22.2 Geotourism and Promotion of Geoheritage\n 22.3 Geoparks\n 22.3.1 Geopark System in Slovakia\n 22.3.2 Novohrad-Nógrád Geopark\n 22.3.3 Geopark Banská Štiavnica\n 22.3.4 Banská Bystrica Geopark\n 22.3.5 Malé Karpaty Geopark\n 22.4 Future Perspectives\n References\nAuthor Index\nSubject Index
